National High School Essay

Bulua National High School is a pioneer secondary school in administrative District 1, situated at Barangay Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City which was administered and subsidized with the Barangay Officials initiated by Pedro P. Legaspi. It was in 1970 when the auxiliary instruction, Bulua Barrio High School went to an open with two areas in the First year level and the Second year level was opened on the next year until the 4-year secondary school level was finished. The school was briefly situated at the compound of Bulua Elementary School grounds in which they called as vagrants. They didn't have their perpetual study halls to be utilized. At times classes were being held under the shades of the Mango and Butterfly trees. They additionally lead night classes just to oblige working understudies from the neighboring Barangays. Every enrollee was as yet qualified for pay 10. 00 pesos for the green beans, 15. 00 pesos for the sophomores, 20. 00 pesos for the youngsters and 25. 00 pesos for the seniors consistently. The expenses were gotten by the hands of the Barangay treasurer. The school was encouraged with 10 instructors and 1 school in-control as it were. It was then in 1985 that BBHS turned into the PILOT SCHOOL of the 1989 Secondary Education Curriculum headed by its school head Mrs. Enriqueta C. Pabelic. Year after, BBHS became Bulua National High School (BNHS) which was supported effectively direct from the National Level under the late President Cory Aquino’s organization. By and by, BNHS is situated in its possessed 1. 4 hectare roughly parcel gave by the late Congressman Pedro Oloy Roa through the joint exertion of Barangay Chairman Pedro P. Legaspi and the late DECS †Division P. E Supervisor, Mr. Bernabe Pabellic for its part procurement. Presentation The Library Hub is a program by the Department of Education intending to address the absence of open libraries over the nations by setting up the library center points. Library Hub is a novel and one of a kind structure in the Philippines instructive framework, whereby a foundation and new perusing materials made conceivable through communitarian associations with partners are given to state funded school understudies to free. Until this point in time, DepEd has set up around 50 Library Hubs in a limited capacity to focus time all through the nation. These Hubs will support a great many state funded schools. Books were set in plastics. The Library Hubs are housed in existing structures with a territory of at any rate 250 to 300 square meters. A Library Hub is controlled by a curator, library representative, and utility staff and capacities as a book stockroom for government funded schools in a given locale. Every Hub loans books to its assigned schools, which thus loan the books to their understudies. The arrangement of perusing books for nothing in the center point isn't just for state funded schools however ALS, SPED, barangay focuses, and so forth. It likewise fills in as a â€Å"wholesale† library solely adjusting rudimentary/auxiliary schools inside a division. The centers work stockroom style, contrasted with the conventional open library setupâ€instead of books being exclusively positioned on racks; they are put away in plastic containers for capacity. These receptacles would then be looked at and brought by educators and executives of state funded schools to their individual government funded schools, to be returned following twenty-five days. While at the school, these books can be borrowedâ€or even brought homeâ€by the understudies until the books are to be come back to the center point. Propelled in 2003 by then undersecretary Juan Miguel Luz, the venture has now set up library center points in 32 school divisions everywhere throughout the nation, for an aggregate of around 145 centers worked since 2004. The center points are financed by both general society and private area, with significant contributors having the alternative to name the center points however they like. 1. Foundation of the investigation The utilization of PCs and different projects are being created for that specific want to be done in a brief timeframe. Manual System for a Library Hub is a significant troublesome undertaking to perform. It requires some investment in finding and checking the accessibility of the books and can have the propensities of missing documents. That’s why we made this Computerized Library Hub System so as to take care of that issue. Our Computerized Library Hub System is a program that is use to refresh the data about a specific record of books. It permits including book data quickly and it just takes minutes to look through a particular book. It reduces the chance of missing documents not at all like the manual framework. This framework can have the option to screen naturally where, when or who obtained a book. It additionally gives more precision in preparing any exchanges. Other than of that, it can assist a bookkeeper with working a lot simpler and quicker than a manual framework. 2. Articulation of the Research Problem * An authorized administrator is one of the major concerned issue of Bulua National High School Library Hub. Since they have a what they called â€Å"Acting Librarian† who was additionally a full time educator in the school. It requires some investment for her to composed the books particularly in putting promotion number in it and log it in her module. Another concerned is thatâ the books in the library center point has not been organized in dewey decimal arrangement which is the primary motivation behind why the faculty in-control and the understudies has the trouble in finding the book and to check its accessibility. * There’s a likelihood that the library center point may experience following issues such loss of records, reiteration of information passage and other significant insights regarding the books and the person who get the book. * How would they record the books? The understudies will fill a borrower’s card before they can get the book they need to obtain. At that point thereafter the in-control will log the rundown of the book that has been utilized or obtained toward the day's end in the manual note pad. Lamentably there are times that the in-control can’t have the option to log or record the acquired books in the manual journal. * How do the understudies know whether the books are as yet accessible? Realizing that the school don’t have a Dewey Decimal Classification in their books, understudies experience issues in looking through the particular book and it takes excessively long for them to trust that the custodian will check unto the logbook whether the book is as yet accessible or being acquired. 3. Explanation of Objectives 3. 1General Objectives This venture intends to propose and build up a very much organized and electronic library center point framework to help the library hub’s exchanges simpler, increasingly powerful and effective. 3. 2Specific Objectives * To reduce the weight of the client in taking care of the step by step exchanges. * To reduce the chance of missing records. * To make the way toward refreshing the books productive and should be possible in a brief timeframe.

Change of Position Defence

The litigant may guarantee the safeguard of progress of position. Regardless of whether the litigant can effectively set up this resistance depends of whether he can demonstrate that his position is changed to such an extent that he will endure a bad form whenever called upon to reimburse or reimburse in full (Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale) * In request to demonstrate a difference in position protection, first there must be an unfavorable difference in position by the beneficiary in compliance with common decency and in dependence on the installment (New Zealand Banking Group v Westpac Banking Corporation) * The present situation in Australia as to the accessibility of the barrier is that the respondent must have (1) changed their position (2) irreversibly (3) in dependence on its receipt (4) in compliance with common decency (Australian Financial Services)(1) CHANGE THEIR POSITION/SUFFER DETRIMENT * The respondent should initially have the option to demonstrate an adjustment in the relat ive net resources of the litigant which shows that the respondent has acted to his burden on the confidence of the installments got from the offended party. As it were, the change must include a net loss.FACTUAL GAIN BUT NET LOSS * Even where a lady who had bought new furnishings and had disposed of her old furniture on dependence on her receipt, where the court acknowledged that she was authentically enhanced by her receipt since her net resources were worth more than what she had previously, the difference in position resistance would by the by apply since in the event that she was required to make compensation, she would be left with a total deficit. * The simple certainty that she keeps on profiting by the cash doesn't overcome the protection of progress of conditions. The furniture acquisitions speak to substitution of things the offended party previously possessed when she would not have swapped the things aside from the mistake. The uses were not to meet standard costs or pay existing debts.(RBC Dominion Securities v Hills Industries)IS SPENDING ON ORDINARY LIVING EXPENSES CHANGING YOUR POSITION? When all is said in done, use on customary everyday costs won't be viewed as a hindrance or that the respondent changed his position in light of the fact that the litigant needs to demonstrate that he acted uniquely in contrast to how he would have customarily followed up on the confidence of the conviction that the advantage presented by the offended party was the defendant’s to spend (Australian Financial Services & Leasing v Hills Industries) * However, a respondent isn't blocked from depending on the safeguard of progress of position just on the grounds that she has spent the cash on common everyday costs, gave the use is a considerable weakness coming from her dependence on receipt of the installment. The barrier can apply where the litigant doesn't just spend the cash on such costs yet applies for and is denied advantages to which she is en titled because of her receipt (TRA Global Pty Ltd v Kebakoska) all things considered, the respondent had been made excess by her manager who disclosed to her she was qualified for a repetition installment identical to 12 weeks pay on severance and in like manner paid her the aggregate. She in certainty had no such legitimate entitlement.She in this way applied for joblessness profits by Centrelink yet was denied them since she had proclaimed receipt of the excess cash. She had to utilized the majority of the repetition cash to pay everyday costs until she looked for some kind of employment eight months after the fact. At the point when the litigant boss looked for compensation of the installment on grounds of error, the court held that the offended party had a guard of progress of position regardless of having spent the cash on normal everyday costs since the consumption is a generous burden coming from her dependence on receipt of the installment and was denied advantages to which she was entitled because of her receipt.DISCHARGING AN EXISTING DEBT * It isn't a drawback to take care of an obligation which should be paid of at some point or another (RBC Dominion Securities v Dawson) all things considered Mr Dawson had a Visa obligation which he exchanged in a way he would not have in any case done had it not been for the mix-up with respect to the appealing party to overpay him. Be that as it may, since the Visa obligation and those to relatives was caused preceding the slip-up, it would have been paid regardless and can't be supposed to be to Mr Dawson’s disadvantage in light of the fact that the installment would be an installment of an obligation previously owed. (2) IRREVERSIBLY * The subsequent component is that real, non-theoretical and irreversible disservice (Australian Financial Services & Leasing v Hills Industries) The nature of the change must be with the end goal that it can't presently be fixed, for example, cash got which has been hopelessly paid away or bringing about genuine authoritative commitment because of receipt. In Australian Financial Services, the offended party fund organization was hoodwinked by a fraudster and two of his organizations into propelling cash to a few genuine organizations including that of the second litigant to whom the fraudster and his organizations owed cash in order to release their obligations. The offended party was persuaded that the reason for the cash being progressed to the respondents was to fund the acquisition of gear they were providing to the primary organization when the hardware never existed. Every one of the litigants was acclimated with getting installments for their hardware from account organizations so they were not promptly dubious of accepting cash from the plaintiff.The offended party at that point asserting crooked improvement against the respondents on the ground that it had made installments under the mixed up conviction that the solicitations made by the fraudster to the offended party, indicating to be from every one of the respondents, were certifiable and that it would get title to the gear named in the solicitations. * For this situation, the court held for the guard of progress of position to succeed that there must be proof of an irreversible disadvantage. The subsequent litigant having inevitable default decisions previously got against one of the fraudster’s organizations was in dependence on receipt of the cash from the offended party was such proof. * In TRA Global Pty Ltd v Kebakoska, the disadvantage to the offended party with the end goal that she was denied advantages to which she was qualified for originating from her dependence on receipt of the installment was irreversible. In RBC v Dawson, the way that the bought new furnishings and had disposed of her old furniture on dependence on her receipt would have caused her in the conditions a misfortune that is low for her to tolerate and which isn't effective ly reversible. * Thus it appears that the litigant must show at any rate, huge obstacles to recovering the cash. (3) In dependence on the receipt/on the confidence of receipt * This third component shows that there must be a causal relationship between's the weakness endured and the receipt of the installment. A BUT-FOR TEST IN UK * The minor truth that the beneficiary may have endured some adversity is certifiably not a resistance except if the setback is connected at any rate on a however for test with the mixed up receipt (Scottish evenhanded) There an assortment of cognizant choices which might be made by the beneficiary in dependence on the overpayment.A CAUSAL CONNECTION IS SUFFICIENT IN AUSTRALIA †ONE CAUSE * In Co-Buchong v Citigroup Pty Ltd, it was held that for the reasons for a difference in position safeguard, an installment is made ‘on the confidence of the receipt’ in the event that it is causally connected to the receipt. This necessitates the instal lment would not have been made except if the receipt has been perceived as substantial. There is no further prerequisite that the data whereupon the payer was acting be to such an extent that, in the event that it were valid, the payer would have been qualified for pay the cash away in the manner that id did. * For this situation, Citibank had gotten directions implying to be from the offended party to move 500,000 from his record to a second record in his name at the NAB.Citibank inspected the guidance and established that it was certified and paid. Grab at that point got comparative directions to pay the cash away to different abroad ledgers. Here the guidelines were all phonies executed by an obscure outsider. Citibank guaranteed compensation of its installment to NAB on grounds of misstep. The issue was whether NAB was qualified for a protection of progress of position and whether those installments needed to different abroad financial balances had been made ‘on the confid ence of its receipt’ of the cash from Citibank. It was held that NAB made those installments on the confidence of its receipt and every one of that was required was a causal connection between the installment and the receipt. The way that an outsider fraudster had trained the bank to make out the installments ought not really refute the causal association between the receipt and its installment to vanquish the resistance (dismissing State Bank v Swiss Bank Corporation) * In such a case, the bank’s great confidence receipt may in any case be a reason for a difference in position regardless of whether it was by all account not the only motivation and this ought to be sufficient. * This follows the thinking in the NSWCA instance of Perpetual Trustees Australia Ltd v Heperu. Interminable had paid away aggregates to Mrs Cincotta reserves spoke to by the units credited on the confidence of the receipt of installments by the respondent who had been initiated by extortion to d o so.The respondents presented that Perpetual had not demonstrated that the installments of assets out of the record were made on the confidence of the receipt since it paid out the assets spoke to by the record on the confidence of what it was advised to do by Mr Cincotta in the first phony of Mrs Cincotta’s signature at the opening of record and in phone reclamations. * This was translated to be dreadfully tight an examination of what is implied by â€Å"on the confidence of the receipt†. Installments on the confidence of the receipt implied that they would not have been made except if the receipts had been perceived as legitimate. Because there was the component of deceptive nature of Mr Cincotta which likewise was the event for the withdrawal of assets, this didn't discredit the causal association between the receipt and the installments.

Position on the conroversial subject of poverty Essay

Position on the conroversial subject of destitution - Essay Example At the point when an individual lives in destitution he frequently needs more cash to furnish himself and his family with the fundamental human needs which incorporate nourishment, asylum, and medication. The greatest survivors of the destitution difficulty are youngsters. Youngsters are blameless by measures that are languishing. In a great deal of nations over the world grown-ups are abusing kids by compelling them to work. There are about 250 million kids who are kid workers. The United States isn't excluded from the war against neediness. There are about 44 million kids on nourishment stamps in the United States which represents 21% of the youngsters populace of the country (Snyder, 2011). The significant expense of living in the United States is one reason a ton youngsters and grown-ups are living in destitution. The mainlands that are experiencing the most destitution are Africa and Asia. The overpopulation in Asia is one the reasons that this ethnic gathering is experiencing s o much neediness. The foundation of the neediness issue is salary inconsistency. The least fortunate 40 percent of the world’s populace represents 5 percent of worldwide salary, while the most extravagant 20 percent represents 75% of world pay (Globalissues, 2013). Something must be done so as to make a superior parity of the worldwide riches. Another significant issue related with destitution is that the administrations over the world don't have adequate assets to support their residents. Most of the worldwide riches is in the hands of organizations. Roughly 40% of the worldwide riches is possessed by a closely knit group of 147 substances (Doctorow, 2011). These organizations alongside different a large number of organizations over the world need to turn out to be progressively proactive in the battle against destitution. The United Nations needs to step in and force arrangements that will adequately change the course of history so as to destroy neediness for eternity. A po tential arrangement that the U.N. can execute is to make a unique assessment to utilize that cash exclusively to give monetary guide to destitute individuals out of luck. The expense would be forced on organizations whose yearly total compensation outperforms $1 million every year. Partnerships that move a large number of dollars can bear to pay that uncommon expense without harming the money related execution of the firm or antagonistically influencing its investors. The extraordinary expense to be forced by the U.N ought to be 2.5% of net gain. There must be a superior composed exertion so as to battle destitution around the world. A ton of not-for-profit associations, for example, Feed the Children are making a magnificent showing of battling appetite and destitution around the world. A gathering of consortiums must be build up in which the pioneers of non-benefit associations in various nations meet in any event once every month so as to examine the endeavors of every substance with the goal that better coordination can be set up by these elements. Each resident on the planet must turn out to be all the more effectively engaged with this intense fight. Giving $10 per month by individuals that are a piece of the working class would have a gigantic effect in the lives of needy individuals. The battle against neediness is an issue that influences everybody. Any individual that is working can run into some bad luck on the off chance that they lose their employment and destitution can turn into a reality for them. Business people must maintain applying development in control to make new openings that will assist poor with peopling escape destitution. The proposed uncommon 2.5% by the U.N. is a significant strategy that would have an enormous effect in killing

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe - 550 Words

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe (Research Proposal Sample) Content: RESEARCH PROPOSALDEBT CRISIS AND ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: INFANT INDUSTRY PROMOTION AS A PANACEA IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY (GNU).PRINCE .T. KURUPATIA PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLICMANAGEMENTFACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESMIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY30 SEPTEMBER 2014INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAt independence in 1980 Zimbabwe inherited us$700 million debt from the Rhodesian government: a problem brought about by constant borrowing by the smith regime after the United Nations (UN) sanctions. This inherited debt was as a result of a short term loan with a high interest rate thus after the attainment of independence in 1980, the new government was faced with a large repayment burden. This repayment burden was further compounded by the fact that in the early 1980s especially 1982, the country was hit by a severe drought which forced the government to seek financial aid in the form of grants and loans to al leviate the local food shortages with imports. During these early years, the countrys large debt was created. By the end of the decade, debt repayments equaled 25 percent of Zimbabwes exports and 25 percent of government revenue.In the early 1990s, Zimbabwe adopted the IMF and World Bank structural adjustment program which came in hand with financial loans which were directly linked to conditionalitys like cuts in government spending , trade liberalization, deregulation of prices, devaluation f the exchange rate and removal of labor laws. In 1992, Zimbabwe was hit by another major drought. Poverty, inequality and debt all rapidly increased. The structural adjustment program was a dismal failure and economic growth fell from averaging 4.5% in the 1980s to 2.9% between 1991 and 1997 and further downwards between 1998 and 2008. A report by the, World Bank (2004) found that in the 1990s, efforts to accelerate growth through better fiscal management and market liberalization largely fail ed. Social progress flawed, per capita incomes declined and poverty increased. Estimates suggest that us$750 million of Zimbabwes debt comes directly from loans by the Breton woods institutions namely the World Bank and the IMF.By 1997, widespread protests emerged all over major towns and cities at the worsening economic situation. At this time the ZANU (PF) government sought to maintain itself in power through unbudgeted spending. For instance, it paid war veterans gratuities and joined in a costly war in the democratic republic of Congo. In November 1997 there was a huge devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar. The unbudgeted spending and devaluation led to a cycle of rapid rise of inflation and massive economic deterioration. In 2000, the rapidly increasing size of Zimbabwes debt led the government to default. The hyperinflation caused by the continued unbudgeted spending and printing of money destabilized the economy. By July 2008, monthly inflation had reached 231 million %. Since 2009 and the complete replacement of Zimbabwes currency with the us dollar and the South African rand, the economy hasbeen recovering. The one remaining source of foreign loans is the Chinese government for example in 2011; Zimbabwe borrowed us$100 million for the construction of the defense college.From the above, one can note the severe debt and economic underdevelopment facing Zimbabwe and the research is going to look at infant industry promotion as an alternative domestic panacea to the eradication of the debt burden and as an economic growth accelerator of the Zimbabwean state in the post government of national unity (GNU) era.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMZimbabwe since independence has been suffering under the huge external debt burden resulting into a retrogressive economic growth and development, Bornstein (2005). The debt crisis which is the combination of accumulated debt and difficulty servicing has imposed several burdens on the Zimbabwean economy. This is reflected in the fall in real growth rates, investment rate and export earning since 1980. Even after the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA), Zimbabwe continued to experience deficit in its economic operations thereby creating a resultant effect of acute underdevelopment due to a series of resource mismanagement and high levels of corruption that characterize the whole spectrum of the Zimbabwean economy.However, the proposed strategies that the country had put in place both pre and during the government of national unity to try and reduce the debt burden and ensure economic boom in the form of adoption of external economic policies, foreign direct investment (FDI) and formation of public-private partnerships failed dismally and further exacerbated the already fragile environment. On the eve of the 2013 harmonized elections Spiegel (2009) concluded that the economic woes in the country were getting worse and worse by the day. This therefore has left a gap in which domestic remedies have to be empirically tested in order to see if they can solve the debt burden and the economic challenges that have been bedeviling Zimbabwe.Therefore, the main interest of this study is to examine infant industry promotion as a feasible strategy in tackling Zimbabwes debt crisis and pave way for the countrys economic development.RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe aims and objectives of the study are to: * Examine the surrounding issues of underdevelopment caused by the debt crisis in independent Zimbabwe. * Identify the causes and effects of the external debt burden on economic growth and development of Zimbabwe. * Examine the relative feasibility of infant industry promotion as a way of easing the countrys debt crisis and economic underdevelopment.WORKING ASSUMPTIONS1. The debt crisis contributed immensely to the continued economic underdevelopment of Zimbabwe,even during the government of national unity period.2. External solutions and policies have immensely failed in addressing the countrys debt crisis andeconomic underdevelopment.3. Domestic economic strategies are the most effective in addressing local economic challenges.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis work will serve as a material to other researchers and in practical it will serve as a tool to the government, guiding them on implementation of policies, these policies shall serve as a guide to Zimbabwes development.This research, prescribes how Zimbabwe can move past its debt challenges and focus more on the development of the country and this will determine the relevance of the existing government policies.RESEARCH QUESTIONSFor the purpose of this study, the following questions were addressed:1. The extent and impact of the debt crisis and economic underdevelopment in Zimbabwe.2. The number of possible alternative strategies to solve the debt burden and economicunderdevelopment.3. Why infant industry promotion is the most feasible and effective strategy in tackling the debt crisisand economic underdevelopment in the aft ermath of the government of national unity era.As part of this study, investigation included one research hypothesis:1. Economies of developing states grow more rapidly if domestic strategies and policies are adopted andimplemented.METHODOLOGYRESEARCH DESIGNThe research design is largely qualitative rather than quantitative as it is mainly based on intensive analysis of secondary sources like books and journals with a few interviews from a randomly selected few interviewees. As the research is a case study, it is going to be a longitudinal study starting from the period just after the end of the government of national unity in August 2013 to the present day. The research is a quasi-experiment meant to draw up conclusions from small population which would equate to the reality on the ground in the whole country. Also, as a prospective research it is going to expose some of the benefits and challenges that the country may face in the wake of implementing the infant industries promotio n.This research design will serve the purpose of the research well because its a feasible that serves both later researchers and government officials of the policies to adopt and implement with their proven results.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this study, the Infant Industry Theory as espoused by Hamilton (1790) is going to be used.According to Hamilton (1790), Infant Industry Theory promotes an economic policy that protects young domestic industries in less developing economies until they become established, financially stronger and capable of withstanding competitive pressures. Infant Industry Theory recognizes that a level playing field (free trade) provides benefit to the stronger competitor and that may not always be beneficial to infant domestic industries. Using protective tariffs and taxes adds cost for the foreign competitor sales process and while it may give the infant industry a chance to get started, it also tends to disrupt the economics of production and pricing as the ind ustry grows. At the same time, if tariffs are left in place too long, similar protectionist trade policies may be instituted by foreign governments thereby limiting opportunities for growing firms to expand into those markets. As a result, as alluded to by Mill (1848),Infant Industry Theory recognizes that these protections must be scaled back so that these new industry adopts itself to produce, compete and survive on a level playing field in the international market.The Infant Industry Theory as a theoretical framework for this study is predicated on the notion that all economically developed states have adopted this theory first before moving on to other theories like trade liberalization to further their economic dominance ...

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe - 550 Words

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe (Research Proposal Sample) Content: RESEARCH PROPOSALDEBT CRISIS AND ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: INFANT INDUSTRY PROMOTION AS A PANACEA IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY (GNU).PRINCE .T. KURUPATIA PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLICMANAGEMENTFACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESMIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY30 SEPTEMBER 2014INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAt independence in 1980 Zimbabwe inherited us$700 million debt from the Rhodesian government: a problem brought about by constant borrowing by the smith regime after the United Nations (UN) sanctions. This inherited debt was as a result of a short term loan with a high interest rate thus after the attainment of independence in 1980, the new government was faced with a large repayment burden. This repayment burden was further compounded by the fact that in the early 1980s especially 1982, the country was hit by a severe drought which forced the government to seek financial aid in the form of grants and loans to al leviate the local food shortages with imports. During these early years, the countrys large debt was created. By the end of the decade, debt repayments equaled 25 percent of Zimbabwes exports and 25 percent of government revenue.In the early 1990s, Zimbabwe adopted the IMF and World Bank structural adjustment program which came in hand with financial loans which were directly linked to conditionalitys like cuts in government spending , trade liberalization, deregulation of prices, devaluation f the exchange rate and removal of labor laws. In 1992, Zimbabwe was hit by another major drought. Poverty, inequality and debt all rapidly increased. The structural adjustment program was a dismal failure and economic growth fell from averaging 4.5% in the 1980s to 2.9% between 1991 and 1997 and further downwards between 1998 and 2008. A report by the, World Bank (2004) found that in the 1990s, efforts to accelerate growth through better fiscal management and market liberalization largely fail ed. Social progress flawed, per capita incomes declined and poverty increased. Estimates suggest that us$750 million of Zimbabwes debt comes directly from loans by the Breton woods institutions namely the World Bank and the IMF.By 1997, widespread protests emerged all over major towns and cities at the worsening economic situation. At this time the ZANU (PF) government sought to maintain itself in power through unbudgeted spending. For instance, it paid war veterans gratuities and joined in a costly war in the democratic republic of Congo. In November 1997 there was a huge devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar. The unbudgeted spending and devaluation led to a cycle of rapid rise of inflation and massive economic deterioration. In 2000, the rapidly increasing size of Zimbabwes debt led the government to default. The hyperinflation caused by the continued unbudgeted spending and printing of money destabilized the economy. By July 2008, monthly inflation had reached 231 million %. Since 2009 and the complete replacement of Zimbabwes currency with the us dollar and the South African rand, the economy hasbeen recovering. The one remaining source of foreign loans is the Chinese government for example in 2011; Zimbabwe borrowed us$100 million for the construction of the defense college.From the above, one can note the severe debt and economic underdevelopment facing Zimbabwe and the research is going to look at infant industry promotion as an alternative domestic panacea to the eradication of the debt burden and as an economic growth accelerator of the Zimbabwean state in the post government of national unity (GNU) era.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMZimbabwe since independence has been suffering under the huge external debt burden resulting into a retrogressive economic growth and development, Bornstein (2005). The debt crisis which is the combination of accumulated debt and difficulty servicing has imposed several burdens on the Zimbabwean economy. This is reflected in the fall in real growth rates, investment rate and export earning since 1980. Even after the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA), Zimbabwe continued to experience deficit in its economic operations thereby creating a resultant effect of acute underdevelopment due to a series of resource mismanagement and high levels of corruption that characterize the whole spectrum of the Zimbabwean economy.However, the proposed strategies that the country had put in place both pre and during the government of national unity to try and reduce the debt burden and ensure economic boom in the form of adoption of external economic policies, foreign direct investment (FDI) and formation of public-private partnerships failed dismally and further exacerbated the already fragile environment. On the eve of the 2013 harmonized elections Spiegel (2009) concluded that the economic woes in the country were getting worse and worse by the day. This therefore has left a gap in which domestic remedies have to be empirically tested in order to see if they can solve the debt burden and the economic challenges that have been bedeviling Zimbabwe.Therefore, the main interest of this study is to examine infant industry promotion as a feasible strategy in tackling Zimbabwes debt crisis and pave way for the countrys economic development.RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe aims and objectives of the study are to: * Examine the surrounding issues of underdevelopment caused by the debt crisis in independent Zimbabwe. * Identify the causes and effects of the external debt burden on economic growth and development of Zimbabwe. * Examine the relative feasibility of infant industry promotion as a way of easing the countrys debt crisis and economic underdevelopment.WORKING ASSUMPTIONS1. The debt crisis contributed immensely to the continued economic underdevelopment of Zimbabwe,even during the government of national unity period.2. External solutions and policies have immensely failed in addressing the countrys debt crisis andeconomic underdevelopment.3. Domestic economic strategies are the most effective in addressing local economic challenges.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis work will serve as a material to other researchers and in practical it will serve as a tool to the government, guiding them on implementation of policies, these policies shall serve as a guide to Zimbabwes development.This research, prescribes how Zimbabwe can move past its debt challenges and focus more on the development of the country and this will determine the relevance of the existing government policies.RESEARCH QUESTIONSFor the purpose of this study, the following questions were addressed:1. The extent and impact of the debt crisis and economic underdevelopment in Zimbabwe.2. The number of possible alternative strategies to solve the debt burden and economicunderdevelopment.3. Why infant industry promotion is the most feasible and effective strategy in tackling the debt crisisand economic underdevelopment in the aft ermath of the government of national unity era.As part of this study, investigation included one research hypothesis:1. Economies of developing states grow more rapidly if domestic strategies and policies are adopted andimplemented.METHODOLOGYRESEARCH DESIGNThe research design is largely qualitative rather than quantitative as it is mainly based on intensive analysis of secondary sources like books and journals with a few interviews from a randomly selected few interviewees. As the research is a case study, it is going to be a longitudinal study starting from the period just after the end of the government of national unity in August 2013 to the present day. The research is a quasi-experiment meant to draw up conclusions from small population which would equate to the reality on the ground in the whole country. Also, as a prospective research it is going to expose some of the benefits and challenges that the country may face in the wake of implementing the infant industries promotio n.This research design will serve the purpose of the research well because its a feasible that serves both later researchers and government officials of the policies to adopt and implement with their proven results.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this study, the Infant Industry Theory as espoused by Hamilton (1790) is going to be used.According to Hamilton (1790), Infant Industry Theory promotes an economic policy that protects young domestic industries in less developing economies until they become established, financially stronger and capable of withstanding competitive pressures. Infant Industry Theory recognizes that a level playing field (free trade) provides benefit to the stronger competitor and that may not always be beneficial to infant domestic industries. Using protective tariffs and taxes adds cost for the foreign competitor sales process and while it may give the infant industry a chance to get started, it also tends to disrupt the economics of production and pricing as the ind ustry grows. At the same time, if tariffs are left in place too long, similar protectionist trade policies may be instituted by foreign governments thereby limiting opportunities for growing firms to expand into those markets. As a result, as alluded to by Mill (1848),Infant Industry Theory recognizes that these protections must be scaled back so that these new industry adopts itself to produce, compete and survive on a level playing field in the international market.The Infant Industry Theory as a theoretical framework for this study is predicated on the notion that all economically developed states have adopted this theory first before moving on to other theories like trade liberalization to further their economic dominance ...

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe - 550 Words

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe (Research Proposal Sample) Content: RESEARCH PROPOSALDEBT CRISIS AND ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: INFANT INDUSTRY PROMOTION AS A PANACEA IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY (GNU).PRINCE .T. KURUPATIA PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLICMANAGEMENTFACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESMIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY30 SEPTEMBER 2014INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAt independence in 1980 Zimbabwe inherited us$700 million debt from the Rhodesian government: a problem brought about by constant borrowing by the smith regime after the United Nations (UN) sanctions. This inherited debt was as a result of a short term loan with a high interest rate thus after the attainment of independence in 1980, the new government was faced with a large repayment burden. This repayment burden was further compounded by the fact that in the early 1980s especially 1982, the country was hit by a severe drought which forced the government to seek financial aid in the form of grants and loans to al leviate the local food shortages with imports. During these early years, the countrys large debt was created. By the end of the decade, debt repayments equaled 25 percent of Zimbabwes exports and 25 percent of government revenue.In the early 1990s, Zimbabwe adopted the IMF and World Bank structural adjustment program which came in hand with financial loans which were directly linked to conditionalitys like cuts in government spending , trade liberalization, deregulation of prices, devaluation f the exchange rate and removal of labor laws. In 1992, Zimbabwe was hit by another major drought. Poverty, inequality and debt all rapidly increased. The structural adjustment program was a dismal failure and economic growth fell from averaging 4.5% in the 1980s to 2.9% between 1991 and 1997 and further downwards between 1998 and 2008. A report by the, World Bank (2004) found that in the 1990s, efforts to accelerate growth through better fiscal management and market liberalization largely fail ed. Social progress flawed, per capita incomes declined and poverty increased. Estimates suggest that us$750 million of Zimbabwes debt comes directly from loans by the Breton woods institutions namely the World Bank and the IMF.By 1997, widespread protests emerged all over major towns and cities at the worsening economic situation. At this time the ZANU (PF) government sought to maintain itself in power through unbudgeted spending. For instance, it paid war veterans gratuities and joined in a costly war in the democratic republic of Congo. In November 1997 there was a huge devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar. The unbudgeted spending and devaluation led to a cycle of rapid rise of inflation and massive economic deterioration. In 2000, the rapidly increasing size of Zimbabwes debt led the government to default. The hyperinflation caused by the continued unbudgeted spending and printing of money destabilized the economy. By July 2008, monthly inflation had reached 231 million %. Since 2009 and the complete replacement of Zimbabwes currency with the us dollar and the South African rand, the economy hasbeen recovering. The one remaining source of foreign loans is the Chinese government for example in 2011; Zimbabwe borrowed us$100 million for the construction of the defense college.From the above, one can note the severe debt and economic underdevelopment facing Zimbabwe and the research is going to look at infant industry promotion as an alternative domestic panacea to the eradication of the debt burden and as an economic growth accelerator of the Zimbabwean state in the post government of national unity (GNU) era.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMZimbabwe since independence has been suffering under the huge external debt burden resulting into a retrogressive economic growth and development, Bornstein (2005). The debt crisis which is the combination of accumulated debt and difficulty servicing has imposed several burdens on the Zimbabwean economy. This is reflected in the fall in real growth rates, investment rate and export earning since 1980. Even after the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA), Zimbabwe continued to experience deficit in its economic operations thereby creating a resultant effect of acute underdevelopment due to a series of resource mismanagement and high levels of corruption that characterize the whole spectrum of the Zimbabwean economy.However, the proposed strategies that the country had put in place both pre and during the government of national unity to try and reduce the debt burden and ensure economic boom in the form of adoption of external economic policies, foreign direct investment (FDI) and formation of public-private partnerships failed dismally and further exacerbated the already fragile environment. On the eve of the 2013 harmonized elections Spiegel (2009) concluded that the economic woes in the country were getting worse and worse by the day. This therefore has left a gap in which domestic remedies have to be empirically tested in order to see if they can solve the debt burden and the economic challenges that have been bedeviling Zimbabwe.Therefore, the main interest of this study is to examine infant industry promotion as a feasible strategy in tackling Zimbabwes debt crisis and pave way for the countrys economic development.RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe aims and objectives of the study are to: * Examine the surrounding issues of underdevelopment caused by the debt crisis in independent Zimbabwe. * Identify the causes and effects of the external debt burden on economic growth and development of Zimbabwe. * Examine the relative feasibility of infant industry promotion as a way of easing the countrys debt crisis and economic underdevelopment.WORKING ASSUMPTIONS1. The debt crisis contributed immensely to the continued economic underdevelopment of Zimbabwe,even during the government of national unity period.2. External solutions and policies have immensely failed in addressing the countrys debt crisis andeconomic underdevelopment.3. Domestic economic strategies are the most effective in addressing local economic challenges.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis work will serve as a material to other researchers and in practical it will serve as a tool to the government, guiding them on implementation of policies, these policies shall serve as a guide to Zimbabwes development.This research, prescribes how Zimbabwe can move past its debt challenges and focus more on the development of the country and this will determine the relevance of the existing government policies.RESEARCH QUESTIONSFor the purpose of this study, the following questions were addressed:1. The extent and impact of the debt crisis and economic underdevelopment in Zimbabwe.2. The number of possible alternative strategies to solve the debt burden and economicunderdevelopment.3. Why infant industry promotion is the most feasible and effective strategy in tackling the debt crisisand economic underdevelopment in the aft ermath of the government of national unity era.As part of this study, investigation included one research hypothesis:1. Economies of developing states grow more rapidly if domestic strategies and policies are adopted andimplemented.METHODOLOGYRESEARCH DESIGNThe research design is largely qualitative rather than quantitative as it is mainly based on intensive analysis of secondary sources like books and journals with a few interviews from a randomly selected few interviewees. As the research is a case study, it is going to be a longitudinal study starting from the period just after the end of the government of national unity in August 2013 to the present day. The research is a quasi-experiment meant to draw up conclusions from small population which would equate to the reality on the ground in the whole country. Also, as a prospective research it is going to expose some of the benefits and challenges that the country may face in the wake of implementing the infant industries promotio n.This research design will serve the purpose of the research well because its a feasible that serves both later researchers and government officials of the policies to adopt and implement with their proven results.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this study, the Infant Industry Theory as espoused by Hamilton (1790) is going to be used.According to Hamilton (1790), Infant Industry Theory promotes an economic policy that protects young domestic industries in less developing economies until they become established, financially stronger and capable of withstanding competitive pressures. Infant Industry Theory recognizes that a level playing field (free trade) provides benefit to the stronger competitor and that may not always be beneficial to infant domestic industries. Using protective tariffs and taxes adds cost for the foreign competitor sales process and while it may give the infant industry a chance to get started, it also tends to disrupt the economics of production and pricing as the ind ustry grows. At the same time, if tariffs are left in place too long, similar protectionist trade policies may be instituted by foreign governments thereby limiting opportunities for growing firms to expand into those markets. As a result, as alluded to by Mill (1848),Infant Industry Theory recognizes that these protections must be scaled back so that these new industry adopts itself to produce, compete and survive on a level playing field in the international market.The Infant Industry Theory as a theoretical framework for this study is predicated on the notion that all economically developed states have adopted this theory first before moving on to other theories like trade liberalization to further their economic dominance ...

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe - 550 Words

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe (Research Proposal Sample) Content: RESEARCH PROPOSALDEBT CRISIS AND ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: INFANT INDUSTRY PROMOTION AS A PANACEA IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY (GNU).PRINCE .T. KURUPATIA PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLICMANAGEMENTFACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESMIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY30 SEPTEMBER 2014INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAt independence in 1980 Zimbabwe inherited us$700 million debt from the Rhodesian government: a problem brought about by constant borrowing by the smith regime after the United Nations (UN) sanctions. This inherited debt was as a result of a short term loan with a high interest rate thus after the attainment of independence in 1980, the new government was faced with a large repayment burden. This repayment burden was further compounded by the fact that in the early 1980s especially 1982, the country was hit by a severe drought which forced the government to seek financial aid in the form of grants and loans to al leviate the local food shortages with imports. During these early years, the countrys large debt was created. By the end of the decade, debt repayments equaled 25 percent of Zimbabwes exports and 25 percent of government revenue.In the early 1990s, Zimbabwe adopted the IMF and World Bank structural adjustment program which came in hand with financial loans which were directly linked to conditionalitys like cuts in government spending , trade liberalization, deregulation of prices, devaluation f the exchange rate and removal of labor laws. In 1992, Zimbabwe was hit by another major drought. Poverty, inequality and debt all rapidly increased. The structural adjustment program was a dismal failure and economic growth fell from averaging 4.5% in the 1980s to 2.9% between 1991 and 1997 and further downwards between 1998 and 2008. A report by the, World Bank (2004) found that in the 1990s, efforts to accelerate growth through better fiscal management and market liberalization largely fail ed. Social progress flawed, per capita incomes declined and poverty increased. Estimates suggest that us$750 million of Zimbabwes debt comes directly from loans by the Breton woods institutions namely the World Bank and the IMF.By 1997, widespread protests emerged all over major towns and cities at the worsening economic situation. At this time the ZANU (PF) government sought to maintain itself in power through unbudgeted spending. For instance, it paid war veterans gratuities and joined in a costly war in the democratic republic of Congo. In November 1997 there was a huge devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar. The unbudgeted spending and devaluation led to a cycle of rapid rise of inflation and massive economic deterioration. In 2000, the rapidly increasing size of Zimbabwes debt led the government to default. The hyperinflation caused by the continued unbudgeted spending and printing of money destabilized the economy. By July 2008, monthly inflation had reached 231 million %. Since 2009 and the complete replacement of Zimbabwes currency with the us dollar and the South African rand, the economy hasbeen recovering. The one remaining source of foreign loans is the Chinese government for example in 2011; Zimbabwe borrowed us$100 million for the construction of the defense college.From the above, one can note the severe debt and economic underdevelopment facing Zimbabwe and the research is going to look at infant industry promotion as an alternative domestic panacea to the eradication of the debt burden and as an economic growth accelerator of the Zimbabwean state in the post government of national unity (GNU) era.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMZimbabwe since independence has been suffering under the huge external debt burden resulting into a retrogressive economic growth and development, Bornstein (2005). The debt crisis which is the combination of accumulated debt and difficulty servicing has imposed several burdens on the Zimbabwean economy. This is reflected in the fall in real growth rates, investment rate and export earning since 1980. Even after the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA), Zimbabwe continued to experience deficit in its economic operations thereby creating a resultant effect of acute underdevelopment due to a series of resource mismanagement and high levels of corruption that characterize the whole spectrum of the Zimbabwean economy.However, the proposed strategies that the country had put in place both pre and during the government of national unity to try and reduce the debt burden and ensure economic boom in the form of adoption of external economic policies, foreign direct investment (FDI) and formation of public-private partnerships failed dismally and further exacerbated the already fragile environment. On the eve of the 2013 harmonized elections Spiegel (2009) concluded that the economic woes in the country were getting worse and worse by the day. This therefore has left a gap in which domestic remedies have to be empirically tested in order to see if they can solve the debt burden and the economic challenges that have been bedeviling Zimbabwe.Therefore, the main interest of this study is to examine infant industry promotion as a feasible strategy in tackling Zimbabwes debt crisis and pave way for the countrys economic development.RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe aims and objectives of the study are to: * Examine the surrounding issues of underdevelopment caused by the debt crisis in independent Zimbabwe. * Identify the causes and effects of the external debt burden on economic growth and development of Zimbabwe. * Examine the relative feasibility of infant industry promotion as a way of easing the countrys debt crisis and economic underdevelopment.WORKING ASSUMPTIONS1. The debt crisis contributed immensely to the continued economic underdevelopment of Zimbabwe,even during the government of national unity period.2. External solutions and policies have immensely failed in addressing the countrys debt crisis andeconomic underdevelopment.3. Domestic economic strategies are the most effective in addressing local economic challenges.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis work will serve as a material to other researchers and in practical it will serve as a tool to the government, guiding them on implementation of policies, these policies shall serve as a guide to Zimbabwes development.This research, prescribes how Zimbabwe can move past its debt challenges and focus more on the development of the country and this will determine the relevance of the existing government policies.RESEARCH QUESTIONSFor the purpose of this study, the following questions were addressed:1. The extent and impact of the debt crisis and economic underdevelopment in Zimbabwe.2. The number of possible alternative strategies to solve the debt burden and economicunderdevelopment.3. Why infant industry promotion is the most feasible and effective strategy in tackling the debt crisisand economic underdevelopment in the aft ermath of the government of national unity era.As part of this study, investigation included one research hypothesis:1. Economies of developing states grow more rapidly if domestic strategies and policies are adopted andimplemented.METHODOLOGYRESEARCH DESIGNThe research design is largely qualitative rather than quantitative as it is mainly based on intensive analysis of secondary sources like books and journals with a few interviews from a randomly selected few interviewees. As the research is a case study, it is going to be a longitudinal study starting from the period just after the end of the government of national unity in August 2013 to the present day. The research is a quasi-experiment meant to draw up conclusions from small population which would equate to the reality on the ground in the whole country. Also, as a prospective research it is going to expose some of the benefits and challenges that the country may face in the wake of implementing the infant industries promotio n.This research design will serve the purpose of the research well because its a feasible that serves both later researchers and government officials of the policies to adopt and implement with their proven results.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this study, the Infant Industry Theory as espoused by Hamilton (1790) is going to be used.According to Hamilton (1790), Infant Industry Theory promotes an economic policy that protects young domestic industries in less developing economies until they become established, financially stronger and capable of withstanding competitive pressures. Infant Industry Theory recognizes that a level playing field (free trade) provides benefit to the stronger competitor and that may not always be beneficial to infant domestic industries. Using protective tariffs and taxes adds cost for the foreign competitor sales process and while it may give the infant industry a chance to get started, it also tends to disrupt the economics of production and pricing as the ind ustry grows. At the same time, if tariffs are left in place too long, similar protectionist trade policies may be instituted by foreign governments thereby limiting opportunities for growing firms to expand into those markets. As a result, as alluded to by Mill (1848),Infant Industry Theory recognizes that these protections must be scaled back so that these new industry adopts itself to produce, compete and survive on a level playing field in the international market.The Infant Industry Theory as a theoretical framework for this study is predicated on the notion that all economically developed states have adopted this theory first before moving on to other theories like trade liberalization to further their economic dominance ...

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe - 550 Words

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe (Research Proposal Sample) Content: RESEARCH PROPOSALDEBT CRISIS AND ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: INFANT INDUSTRY PROMOTION AS A PANACEA IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY (GNU).PRINCE .T. KURUPATIA PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLICMANAGEMENTFACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESMIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY30 SEPTEMBER 2014INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAt independence in 1980 Zimbabwe inherited us$700 million debt from the Rhodesian government: a problem brought about by constant borrowing by the smith regime after the United Nations (UN) sanctions. This inherited debt was as a result of a short term loan with a high interest rate thus after the attainment of independence in 1980, the new government was faced with a large repayment burden. This repayment burden was further compounded by the fact that in the early 1980s especially 1982, the country was hit by a severe drought which forced the government to seek financial aid in the form of grants and loans to al leviate the local food shortages with imports. During these early years, the countrys large debt was created. By the end of the decade, debt repayments equaled 25 percent of Zimbabwes exports and 25 percent of government revenue.In the early 1990s, Zimbabwe adopted the IMF and World Bank structural adjustment program which came in hand with financial loans which were directly linked to conditionalitys like cuts in government spending , trade liberalization, deregulation of prices, devaluation f the exchange rate and removal of labor laws. In 1992, Zimbabwe was hit by another major drought. Poverty, inequality and debt all rapidly increased. The structural adjustment program was a dismal failure and economic growth fell from averaging 4.5% in the 1980s to 2.9% between 1991 and 1997 and further downwards between 1998 and 2008. A report by the, World Bank (2004) found that in the 1990s, efforts to accelerate growth through better fiscal management and market liberalization largely fail ed. Social progress flawed, per capita incomes declined and poverty increased. Estimates suggest that us$750 million of Zimbabwes debt comes directly from loans by the Breton woods institutions namely the World Bank and the IMF.By 1997, widespread protests emerged all over major towns and cities at the worsening economic situation. At this time the ZANU (PF) government sought to maintain itself in power through unbudgeted spending. For instance, it paid war veterans gratuities and joined in a costly war in the democratic republic of Congo. In November 1997 there was a huge devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar. The unbudgeted spending and devaluation led to a cycle of rapid rise of inflation and massive economic deterioration. In 2000, the rapidly increasing size of Zimbabwes debt led the government to default. The hyperinflation caused by the continued unbudgeted spending and printing of money destabilized the economy. By July 2008, monthly inflation had reached 231 million %. Since 2009 and the complete replacement of Zimbabwes currency with the us dollar and the South African rand, the economy hasbeen recovering. The one remaining source of foreign loans is the Chinese government for example in 2011; Zimbabwe borrowed us$100 million for the construction of the defense college.From the above, one can note the severe debt and economic underdevelopment facing Zimbabwe and the research is going to look at infant industry promotion as an alternative domestic panacea to the eradication of the debt burden and as an economic growth accelerator of the Zimbabwean state in the post government of national unity (GNU) era.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMZimbabwe since independence has been suffering under the huge external debt burden resulting into a retrogressive economic growth and development, Bornstein (2005). The debt crisis which is the combination of accumulated debt and difficulty servicing has imposed several burdens on the Zimbabwean economy. This is reflected in the fall in real growth rates, investment rate and export earning since 1980. Even after the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA), Zimbabwe continued to experience deficit in its economic operations thereby creating a resultant effect of acute underdevelopment due to a series of resource mismanagement and high levels of corruption that characterize the whole spectrum of the Zimbabwean economy.However, the proposed strategies that the country had put in place both pre and during the government of national unity to try and reduce the debt burden and ensure economic boom in the form of adoption of external economic policies, foreign direct investment (FDI) and formation of public-private partnerships failed dismally and further exacerbated the already fragile environment. On the eve of the 2013 harmonized elections Spiegel (2009) concluded that the economic woes in the country were getting worse and worse by the day. This therefore has left a gap in which domestic remedies have to be empirically tested in order to see if they can solve the debt burden and the economic challenges that have been bedeviling Zimbabwe.Therefore, the main interest of this study is to examine infant industry promotion as a feasible strategy in tackling Zimbabwes debt crisis and pave way for the countrys economic development.RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe aims and objectives of the study are to: * Examine the surrounding issues of underdevelopment caused by the debt crisis in independent Zimbabwe. * Identify the causes and effects of the external debt burden on economic growth and development of Zimbabwe. * Examine the relative feasibility of infant industry promotion as a way of easing the countrys debt crisis and economic underdevelopment.WORKING ASSUMPTIONS1. The debt crisis contributed immensely to the continued economic underdevelopment of Zimbabwe,even during the government of national unity period.2. External solutions and policies have immensely failed in addressing the countrys debt crisis andeconomic underdevelopment.3. Domestic economic strategies are the most effective in addressing local economic challenges.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis work will serve as a material to other researchers and in practical it will serve as a tool to the government, guiding them on implementation of policies, these policies shall serve as a guide to Zimbabwes development.This research, prescribes how Zimbabwe can move past its debt challenges and focus more on the development of the country and this will determine the relevance of the existing government policies.RESEARCH QUESTIONSFor the purpose of this study, the following questions were addressed:1. The extent and impact of the debt crisis and economic underdevelopment in Zimbabwe.2. The number of possible alternative strategies to solve the debt burden and economicunderdevelopment.3. Why infant industry promotion is the most feasible and effective strategy in tackling the debt crisisand economic underdevelopment in the aft ermath of the government of national unity era.As part of this study, investigation included one research hypothesis:1. Economies of developing states grow more rapidly if domestic strategies and policies are adopted andimplemented.METHODOLOGYRESEARCH DESIGNThe research design is largely qualitative rather than quantitative as it is mainly based on intensive analysis of secondary sources like books and journals with a few interviews from a randomly selected few interviewees. As the research is a case study, it is going to be a longitudinal study starting from the period just after the end of the government of national unity in August 2013 to the present day. The research is a quasi-experiment meant to draw up conclusions from small population which would equate to the reality on the ground in the whole country. Also, as a prospective research it is going to expose some of the benefits and challenges that the country may face in the wake of implementing the infant industries promotio n.This research design will serve the purpose of the research well because its a feasible that serves both later researchers and government officials of the policies to adopt and implement with their proven results.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this study, the Infant Industry Theory as espoused by Hamilton (1790) is going to be used.According to Hamilton (1790), Infant Industry Theory promotes an economic policy that protects young domestic industries in less developing economies until they become established, financially stronger and capable of withstanding competitive pressures. Infant Industry Theory recognizes that a level playing field (free trade) provides benefit to the stronger competitor and that may not always be beneficial to infant domestic industries. Using protective tariffs and taxes adds cost for the foreign competitor sales process and while it may give the infant industry a chance to get started, it also tends to disrupt the economics of production and pricing as the ind ustry grows. At the same time, if tariffs are left in place too long, similar protectionist trade policies may be instituted by foreign governments thereby limiting opportunities for growing firms to expand into those markets. As a result, as alluded to by Mill (1848),Infant Industry Theory recognizes that these protections must be scaled back so that these new industry adopts itself to produce, compete and survive on a level playing field in the international market.The Infant Industry Theory as a theoretical framework for this study is predicated on the notion that all economically developed states have adopted this theory first before moving on to other theories like trade liberalization to further their economic dominance ...

A Midsummer Nights Dream - 1759 Words

A MIDSUMMER NIGHTS DREAM SUMMARY This play is a love story that is split between four sets of lovers; Hippolyta and Theseus, Hermia and Lysander, Helena and Demetrius and Titania and Oberon. The story begins with a distraught father, Egeus, asking the Duke, Thesus, to bring the law upon his daughter s, Hermia’s, head. His request is made because he wants her to marry Demetrius and she has disobeyed him by seeing Lysander in secret. The Duke gives Hermia up to the day of his wedding to decide to obey her father or suffer the consequence of consignment to a nunnery if she chooses to oppose him. This decision spurs Hermia and Lysander to meet in the woods to facilitate their elopement. Things get interesting at this point because Puck, a†¦show more content†¦He reports that Titania has fallen in love with Bottom. Hermia and Demetrius enter, with Hermia accusing Demetrius of killing her beloved Lysander, who has vanished. The argument reveals no truths so Hermia departs in search of Lysander, leaving Dem etrius to sleep. At this point, Puck and Oberon realized that a mistake has been made and Puck is sent in search of Helena while Oberon enchants the sleeping Demetrius. They unintentionally wake Demetrius who immediately falls in love with Helena because she is the first person that he sees. Helena now thinks that Demetrius is a part of the prank because of his sudden change of heart. The situation escalates when Hermia enters. Lysander and Demetrius fight over Helena, while Helena starts a fight with Hermia. Helena thinks Hermia is also a part of the prank. Oberon rushes to retrieve the Indian boy from Titania, while Puck leads the lovers away from each other before a life is lost. They get lost in a fog and fall asleep to wake up in love. ACT 4 Scene 1 Titania and Bottom get acquainted, with Titania being completely enamored with Bottom. She offers him the services of her fairies and they both fall asleep. Oberon decides to take the spell from Titania s eyes, after she consents to giving up the Indian boy. After Puck removes the asses head from Bottom, the fairies leave the wood. Theseus and his followers then arrive for a celebration in the wood. They meet upon the lovers and awaken them. After aShow MoreRelatedMidsummers Night Dream1004 Words   |  5 PagesHow does the ‘play within the play’ enhance your enjoyment of the rest of A Midsummer Night’s Dream? If not, why not? I would argue that A Midsummer Night’s Dream  is one of Shakespeare’s greatest comedies. Comedy is in abundance in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, especially in ‘the play within the play’. ‘The play within the play’ is a key characteristic in A Midsummer Night’s Dream and deserves a thorough analysis as it holds a tight link to the main plot of this play. This part of the play takes upRead MoreMidsummers Night Dream1017 Words   |  5 PagesHow does the ‘play within the play’ enhance your enjoyment of the rest of A Midsummer Night’s Dream? If not, why not? I would argue that A Midsummer Night’s Dream  is one of Shakespeare’s greatest comedies. Comedy is in abundance in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, especially in ‘the play within the play’. ‘The play within the play’ is a key characteristic in A Midsummer Night’s Dream and deserves a thorough analysis as it holds a tight link to the main plot of this play. This part of the play takesRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesA Midsummer NIght’s Dream A â€Å" Midsummer Night’s Dream† is a classical play written by William Shakespeare. It is one of his more eccentric piece of work. The play is about the struggle of love between four essential characters: Hermia, Lysander, Demetrius , and Helena. However, it is not quite that simple. The play is quite confusing. In â€Å"Midsummer Night’s dream† the play take place in two realms fairy realm and human realm, two of the three main settings. Another one of the settings take placeRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream1094 Words   |  5 PagesJeana Jago Theater History J. Robideau October,1st 2015 A Midsummer Night’s Dream In a Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare story about romantic desire. Theseus and Hippolyta, are about to be married; both of them are wonderful figures from classical mythology. (Greek Mythology) Theseus is a great warrior, a kinsman of Hercules; Hippolyta is an Amazon warrior-woman, defeated in battle by Theseus. (Theseus and Hippolyta) He was longing for the wedding day, and this is what opens the play and closingRead MoreMidsummer Nights Dream Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pages Many love connections are effected somehow either that person doing it to themselves, or someone else who mixes the love relationships up . Confusion within the love can cause misconception and turn into a disaster amongst each other. In Midsummer Nights Dream by Shakespeare the confusion of love relationships mixes up each persons views of one another, but in the end everyone is rejoined and the loves are once again in their right place. All confusion, reconciliation, and celebration are used inRead MoreA Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pages In the comedic romantic play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, by William Shakespeare, four plebeians are fighting for fate and destiny in the city of Athens, Greece. Hermia, a strong willed young lady, defies her father’s orders to marry Demetrius, another Athenian man, and subsequently runs off to the woods to marry Lysander. However, when the lovers, Hermia and Lysander, run off, their plans are disrupted when they are told on by Helena, Demetriuss obsessive lover. At this moment, Lysander,Read MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream1905 Words   |  8 PagesA MIDSUMMER NIGHT’S DREAM As Duke Theseus and Hippolyta prepare for their wedding, in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Egeus arrives with his daughter Hermia, who is in love with Lysander. Egeus wants Hermia to marry Demetrius who loves her back. Helena is in love with Demetrius. The Duke tells Hermia she will either die or become a nun if she does not obey. Hermia and Lysander run away to the forest. In the forest, Oberon and Titania, the king and queen of the fairies, mix the couples up when they squeezeRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream911 Words   |  4 PagesPranti Ahmed Blue 4 Brit Lit April 8 2015 A Midsummer Nights Dream Topic #1 Love is a timeless topic which Shakespeare explores in depth in â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream â€Å". Shakespeare utilizes the format of a play within a play to communicate the complexities of love. Love is a force that characters cannot control. The play includes scenes of lovers searching for fulfillment in the arms of characters who are unavailable. The magic love potion wreaks havoc between actual lovers andRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesWithin A Midsummer Night’s Dream there are many different similes and metaphors that are themselves within another simile or metaphor. What stuck out to me was the meaning of that, the multi-layered symbolism. From the title of the play to the ending speech, the possibility of this being a dream is clearly stated. Inside of that the woods are a dreamlike state that are outside of Athens in what could be called a purgatory between the reality of Athens and the fiction of the play within the play.Read MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesIn A Midsummer Night’s Dream, one of the most poignant similes occurs when Theseus advises Hermia that she should yield to her father’s wishes because she is his creation, a figure in wax, and he has the power to command her, mold her, or destroy her at will (MND I.I.49-51). In Athenian society, a woman is expected to yield control of her life to men and to allow them to mold her affections to their will. The simile of a woman as a wax figure suggest that the only resolution to conflict is for the

Management Accounting Essay - 2532 Words

From the management accounting viewpoint of business, the process of decision-making is the main aim of management accounting. The way of how accountants make their decisions has been studied and investigated widely. It is very helpful in management accounting to categorize decisions in to strategic and tactical and in to short run and long run decisions. The objective of management accounting is to make a good decision as the process of management decision-making is extremely subjective. A good decision is depends on the aims and purposes of management. As a result, the management has to set the aims and purposes in order to make decisions. For instance, the management is required to decide strategic aims such as the pricing strategy,†¦show more content†¦The entire tools are regarded as mathematical models of decision-making. For instance, the base of C V P analysis is the equation: I = P (Q) - V (Q) - F. The above tool is relating to employing and using financial statements as a check list to recognize and discover decision-making fields and also it is used to find the most proper and suitable management accounting technique. There is one or more proper management accounting technique for each item on financial statements. 2.2 Financial Statements Financial statements or what also called financial reports are formal documents of financial activities of business. Financial statements are regularly called as accounts in some law companies. In both short and long term, financial statements can offer a summary of a business financial situation. There are four major financial statements. First one is Balance sheet which also called as statement of financial situation or condition. Balance sheet is a report on a companys assets, liabilities, and net equity as of a given point in time. Second basic is income statement which also called Profit and Loss statement or a PL. Income statement is a report of companys expenses, income and profits over a period of time. Third basic is taxes which are financial charges imposed by a state on an individual or on a legal entity.Fourth one is Statement of cash flow which is report on aShow MoreRelatedManagement Accounting1950 Words   |  8 PagesManagement in business and human organization acti vity, in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, -resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. ManagementRead MoreAccounting Analysis On Management Accounting Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesManagement Accounting Introduction: Management accounting technique is the procedure of understanding, analyzing, exam, calculating, deciphers, and transfers the verbal data to chase of company objectives. The section of bookkeeping is called as cost accounting. The difference between the financial and managerial bookkeeping data is the goal at assist the administrators inside the corporation to create choice as per their situations. Even as economic bookkeeping is intended at giving data to gatheringRead MoreManagement Accounting1870 Words   |  8 PagesRunning Head: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING The Management Accountant in Business [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] The Management Accountant in Business Introduction Tesco Public Limited Company is a merchandising retailer and a grocery retailer multinational chain which has it’s headquarter in Cheshunt in the United Kingdom. Tesco as compared to its counterparts, Walmart and Carrefour, is the world’s third largest retail store with regard to the revenues that it generates. Tesco standsRead MoreManagement Accounting1590 Words   |  7 Pagestaxes | | 1600000 | Income Taxes 30% | | 480000 | Net income | | 1120000 | Scenario: The sales agents want sales commissions increased to 20%, this will caused the commission to agents would increase to $3,200,000 (20%X $16,000,000). The management of Pittman Company suggested to employ company’s sales force and incurred $2,400,000 fixed costs for the sales force. Besides Pittman Company would also save $75,000 a year because no need to pay the audit firm for check out the agent reports, soRead MoreImpact of Environmental Accounting on Management Accounting7424 Words   |  30 Pages1.0 Introduction According to The Environment Agency in the United Kingdom (2006), Environmental Accounting can be defined as: â€Å"The collection, analysis and assessment of environmental and financial performance data obtained from business management information systems, environmental management and financial accounting systems. The taking of corrective management action to reduce environmental impacts and costs plus, where appropriate, the external reporting of the environmental and financialRead MoreStrategic Management Accounting13457 Words   |  54 Pagesthis journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0951-3574.htm AAAJ 21,2 Strategic management accounting: how far have we come in 25 years? 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Culture and Gender Relations free essay sample

This paper is an anthropological study of gendered sex roles in several cultures. This paper examines the roles of males and females in several cultures. The author focuses primarily on the interaction between the genders in terms of sex, marriage, and reproduction. The paper also looks at the sexes with respect to finances, familial decision-making, and overall power and influence. Gender relations are most easily characterized through an interpretive analysis of reproduction, production, power, and gender ideologies. These four components of the affinity between men and women in various cultures effectively illustrate the societies perceptions and understandings of each of the sexes. Subsequently, how each sex demonstrates their core of beliefs and or knowledge is dependent upon these perceptions of their role and contribution to society. Through the application of one or more of these dimensions, each culture defines gender relation. Although one society may rely more heavily on a certain component to provide definition of distinction between gender, anthropologists and sociologists have found numerous similarities between the uses of these dimensions as a tool of definition in dissimilar cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Gender Relations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Rooselvelt Essays - Delano Family, Livingston Family,

Rooselvelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States. Roosevelt served longer than any other president. His unprecedented election to four terms in office will probably never be repeated; the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, passed after his death, denies the right of any person to be elected president more than twice. Roosevelt held office during two of the greatest crises ever faced by the United States: the Great Depression of the 1930s, followed by World War II. His domestic program, known as the New Deal, introduced far-reaching reforms within the free enterprise system and prepared the way for what is often called the welfare state. His leadership of the Democratic Party transformed it into a political vehicle for American liberalism. Both in peacetime and in war his impact on the office of president was enormous. Although there had been strong presidents before him, they were the exception. In Roosevelt's 12 years in office strong executive leadership became a basic part of United States government. He made the office of president the center of diplomatic initiative and the focus of domestic reform. Roosevelt was born at his family's estate at Hyde Park, in Dutchess County, New York. He was the only child of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt. James Roosevelt was a moderately successful businessman, with a variety of investments and a special interest in coal. He was also a conservative Democrat who was interested in politics. His home overlooking the Hudson River was comfortable without being ostentatious, and the family occupied a prominent position among the social elite of the area. Sara Delano, 26 years younger than her previously widowed husband, brought to the marriage a fortune considerably larger than that of James Roosevelt. The Delano family had prospered trading with China, and Sara herself had spent some time with her parents in Hong Kong. Thus, Franklin was born into a pleasant and sociable home, with loving parents and congenial, rather aristocratic companions. Roosevelt often taken on European trips, and he also spent much time at a vacation home that James Roosevelt purchased on Campobello Island, on the Bay of Fundy, in New Brunswick, Canada. It was a pleasant life for the young Roosevelt, who was fond of the outdoors. He soon developed a passionate interest in natural history and became an ardent bird watcher. He grew to love outdoor sports and became an expert swimmer and a fine sailor. His mother supervised his education until he was 14. French-speaking and German-speaking tutors did most of the actual instruction and helped him develop early a talent for those languages. Young Roosevelt was a voracious reader. He was particularly fond of adventure tales, especially those that touched on the sea. He also developed an absorbing interest in stamp collecting, a hobby that taught him both history and geography and that was to afford him pleasure and relaxation during all of his adult life. Rossevelts selected Groton School in Massachusetts, which had a reputation as one of the finest of the exclusive private schools that prepared boys for the Ivy League colleges. Young Roosevelt was a good student, popular with his fellow students as well as with his teachers. From Groton Roosevelt went on to Harvard College. He entered in 1899, the year before his father died, and remained until 1904. He took his bachelor's degree in 1903 but returned to Harvard in the fall to serve as editor of the student newspaper, The Crimson. He was an above-average student at Harvard, but he devoted a great deal of time to extracurricular activities, and his grades suffered as a consequence. He was particularly interested in history and political economy and took courses in those subjects with outstanding professors. Although he was a competent journalist, his editorials in The Crimson were chiefly concerned with school spirit in athletics and show no sign of growing social consciousness or political awareness. However, he joined a Republican club in 1900, out of boyish enthusiasm for the vice-presidential candidacy of his distant cousin Theodore Roosevelt. In 1904 he cast his first vote in a presidential election for his cousin, who had become president after the a ssassination of President William McKinley in 1901.

The Impact of Race on Childrens Friendships

The Impact of Race on Childrens Friendships In his 1963 â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech† the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. longed for the day when â€Å"little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.† While in 21st century America, King’s dream is certainly possible, more often than not black children and white children remain strangers thanks to de facto segregation in the nation’s schools and neighborhoods. Even in diverse communities, however, children of color and white children tend not to be close friends. What’s responsible for this trend? Studies reveal that children internalize society’s views on race relations, which has largely given them the idea that it’s best for people to â€Å"stick to their own kind.† The older children get, the more likely they are not to socialize closely with peers of a different race. This paints a relatively bleak picture for the future of race relations, but the good news is that by the time youth reach college they aren’t as quick to rule out people as friends on the basis of race. Why Interracial Friendships Are Important Cross-race friendships have a number of benefits for children, according to a study on the subject published in the Journal of Research on Childhood Education in 2011. â€Å"Researchers find that children who hold interracial friendships tend to have high levels of social competence and self-esteem,† according to study lead Cinzia Pica-Smith. â€Å"They are also socially skilled and tend to have more positive attitudes about racial differences than their peers who do not have interracial friendships. Despite the benefits of interracial friendships, several studies have shown that even young children are more inclined to have intra-racial friendships than interracial ones and that cross-race friendships decrease as children age. â€Å"Children’s Perceptions of Interethnic and Interracial Friendships in a Multiethnic School Context,† Pica-Smith’s study of 103 children- including one group of kindergartners and first graders and another of fourth- and fifth-graders- found that younger children do have a more positive outlook on inter-group friendships than their older peers. In addition, children of color favor cross-racial friendships more than whites do, and girls do more than boys. Due to the positive impact cross-racial friendships have on race relations, Pica-Smith encourages educators to foster such friendships among the children in their classrooms. Kids on Race CNN’s report â€Å"Kids on Race: The Hidden Picture† made it clear that some children hesitate to form cross-race friendships because they’ve picked up cues from society that â€Å"birds of a feather flock together.† Released in March 2012, the online report focused on the friendship patterns of 145 African-American and Caucasian children. One group of study subjects fell between the ages of 6 and 7 years old and a second group fell between the ages of 13 and 14 years old. When shown pictures of a black child and a white child together and asked if the pair could be friends, 49 percent of young children said they could be while just 35 percent of teens said the same. Moreover, young African-American children were far more likely than either young white children or white teens to believe that friendship between the youths in the picture was possible. Black teens, however, were just four percent more likely than white teens to think cross-race friendship between the youths in the picture was possible. This indicates that skepticism about cross-race friendships rises with age. Also of note is that white youths in majority black schools were more likely than whites in majority white schools to view cross-race friendship as possible. Sixty percent of the former youths viewed interracial friendships favorably compared to just 24 percent of the latter. Diversity Doesnt Always Result in Interracial Friendships Attending a large, diverse school doesnt mean that children will be more likely to form cross-race friendships. A University of Michigan study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal in 2013 found that race is a bigger factor in larger (and typically more diverse) communities. The larger the school, the more racial segregation there is, says sociologist Yu Xie, one of the studys authors. Data on 4,745 students in grades 7-12 during the 1994-95 school year was collected for the study. Xie explained that in smaller communities the number of potential friends is limited, making it more difficult for students to find a person who has the traits they want in a friend and shares their racial background as well. In larger schools, however, its easier to find someone who will meet other criteria for a friend plus be of the same race, Xie says. Race plays a bigger role in a larger community because you can satisfy other criteria, but in a smaller school other factors dominate the decision who is your friend. Interracial Friendships in College While several reports indicate that interracial friendships wane with age, a study published in 2010 in the American Journal of Sociology found that first-year college students â€Å"are more likely to make friends with peers they share a dorm room or major with than they are to befriend those from similar racial backgrounds,† the Houston Chronicle reported. Researchers from Harvard University and the University of California at Los Angeles tracked the Facebook profiles of 1,640 students at an unnamed university to determine how they picked friends. The study suggested students are more likely to become friends with peers they see often, peers from the same state or peers who attended similar types of high schools than they were to become friends with peers who simply shared their same cultural background. â€Å"Race is important in the end,† explained Kevin Lewis, one of the study’s authors, â€Å"but it’s nowhere near as important as we thought.†

Case study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Case study - Coursework Example This could mean that bundle packages can be drafted in within the Furnishings for You so that the customers can be enticed into coming into the stores and checking out for their own selves as to what exactly they would require. This would attract them immensely well and ask of them to be on their feet at all times whenever there is a new deal or package in the stores. The aims and objectives of the promotional activity should always bank upon the aspects related with understanding where anomalies exist within such measures and how these could be made substantially better in order to produce results that Furnishings for You can eventually enjoy. The promotional activities that Furnishings for You must undertake should focus on giving something of value because it is much needed on the part of the customers who might not purchase something quite easily as compared to how the same came about when economic downturn had not set in within the geographical zones. There is a vast amount of d ifference now to what was experienced by Furnishings for You in the past and the role of Furnishings for You in such a situation is to extend itself to make sure that it is listening to the customer requirements and doing its best to win them back from time to time. The marketing communication or promotional mix tools which can be employed for the sake of Furnishings for You would rely specifically on bringing the customers back to the stores and ensuring that they purchase furniture at the same time. If they come back to the stores, this is indeed half the job done and hence focus should be on these tangents as far as the marketing communication and promotional mix tools are concerned. Indeed these will employ the usage of advertising, personal selling, sales promotions, direct marketing and a bit of public relations entities. Also the