National High School Essay

Bulua National High School is a pioneer secondary school in administrative District 1, situated at Barangay Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City which was administered and subsidized with the Barangay Officials initiated by Pedro P. Legaspi. It was in 1970 when the auxiliary instruction, Bulua Barrio High School went to an open with two areas in the First year level and the Second year level was opened on the next year until the 4-year secondary school level was finished. The school was briefly situated at the compound of Bulua Elementary School grounds in which they called as vagrants. They didn't have their perpetual study halls to be utilized. At times classes were being held under the shades of the Mango and Butterfly trees. They additionally lead night classes just to oblige working understudies from the neighboring Barangays. Every enrollee was as yet qualified for pay 10. 00 pesos for the green beans, 15. 00 pesos for the sophomores, 20. 00 pesos for the youngsters and 25. 00 pesos for the seniors consistently. The expenses were gotten by the hands of the Barangay treasurer. The school was encouraged with 10 instructors and 1 school in-control as it were. It was then in 1985 that BBHS turned into the PILOT SCHOOL of the 1989 Secondary Education Curriculum headed by its school head Mrs. Enriqueta C. Pabelic. Year after, BBHS became Bulua National High School (BNHS) which was supported effectively direct from the National Level under the late President Cory Aquino’s organization. By and by, BNHS is situated in its possessed 1. 4 hectare roughly parcel gave by the late Congressman Pedro Oloy Roa through the joint exertion of Barangay Chairman Pedro P. Legaspi and the late DECS †Division P. E Supervisor, Mr. Bernabe Pabellic for its part procurement. Presentation The Library Hub is a program by the Department of Education intending to address the absence of open libraries over the nations by setting up the library center points. Library Hub is a novel and one of a kind structure in the Philippines instructive framework, whereby a foundation and new perusing materials made conceivable through communitarian associations with partners are given to state funded school understudies to free. Until this point in time, DepEd has set up around 50 Library Hubs in a limited capacity to focus time all through the nation. These Hubs will support a great many state funded schools. Books were set in plastics. The Library Hubs are housed in existing structures with a territory of at any rate 250 to 300 square meters. A Library Hub is controlled by a curator, library representative, and utility staff and capacities as a book stockroom for government funded schools in a given locale. Every Hub loans books to its assigned schools, which thus loan the books to their understudies. The arrangement of perusing books for nothing in the center point isn't just for state funded schools however ALS, SPED, barangay focuses, and so forth. It likewise fills in as a â€Å"wholesale† library solely adjusting rudimentary/auxiliary schools inside a division. The centers work stockroom style, contrasted with the conventional open library setupâ€instead of books being exclusively positioned on racks; they are put away in plastic containers for capacity. These receptacles would then be looked at and brought by educators and executives of state funded schools to their individual government funded schools, to be returned following twenty-five days. While at the school, these books can be borrowedâ€or even brought homeâ€by the understudies until the books are to be come back to the center point. Propelled in 2003 by then undersecretary Juan Miguel Luz, the venture has now set up library center points in 32 school divisions everywhere throughout the nation, for an aggregate of around 145 centers worked since 2004. The center points are financed by both general society and private area, with significant contributors having the alternative to name the center points however they like. 1. Foundation of the investigation The utilization of PCs and different projects are being created for that specific want to be done in a brief timeframe. Manual System for a Library Hub is a significant troublesome undertaking to perform. It requires some investment in finding and checking the accessibility of the books and can have the propensities of missing documents. That’s why we made this Computerized Library Hub System so as to take care of that issue. Our Computerized Library Hub System is a program that is use to refresh the data about a specific record of books. It permits including book data quickly and it just takes minutes to look through a particular book. It reduces the chance of missing documents not at all like the manual framework. This framework can have the option to screen naturally where, when or who obtained a book. It additionally gives more precision in preparing any exchanges. Other than of that, it can assist a bookkeeper with working a lot simpler and quicker than a manual framework. 2. Articulation of the Research Problem * An authorized administrator is one of the major concerned issue of Bulua National High School Library Hub. Since they have a what they called â€Å"Acting Librarian† who was additionally a full time educator in the school. It requires some investment for her to composed the books particularly in putting promotion number in it and log it in her module. Another concerned is thatâ the books in the library center point has not been organized in dewey decimal arrangement which is the primary motivation behind why the faculty in-control and the understudies has the trouble in finding the book and to check its accessibility. * There’s a likelihood that the library center point may experience following issues such loss of records, reiteration of information passage and other significant insights regarding the books and the person who get the book. * How would they record the books? The understudies will fill a borrower’s card before they can get the book they need to obtain. At that point thereafter the in-control will log the rundown of the book that has been utilized or obtained toward the day's end in the manual note pad. Lamentably there are times that the in-control can’t have the option to log or record the acquired books in the manual journal. * How do the understudies know whether the books are as yet accessible? Realizing that the school don’t have a Dewey Decimal Classification in their books, understudies experience issues in looking through the particular book and it takes excessively long for them to trust that the custodian will check unto the logbook whether the book is as yet accessible or being acquired. 3. Explanation of Objectives 3. 1General Objectives This venture intends to propose and build up a very much organized and electronic library center point framework to help the library hub’s exchanges simpler, increasingly powerful and effective. 3. 2Specific Objectives * To reduce the weight of the client in taking care of the step by step exchanges. * To reduce the chance of missing records. * To make the way toward refreshing the books productive and should be possible in a brief timeframe.

Change of Position Defence

The litigant may guarantee the safeguard of progress of position. Regardless of whether the litigant can effectively set up this resistance depends of whether he can demonstrate that his position is changed to such an extent that he will endure a bad form whenever called upon to reimburse or reimburse in full (Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale) * In request to demonstrate a difference in position protection, first there must be an unfavorable difference in position by the beneficiary in compliance with common decency and in dependence on the installment (New Zealand Banking Group v Westpac Banking Corporation) * The present situation in Australia as to the accessibility of the barrier is that the respondent must have (1) changed their position (2) irreversibly (3) in dependence on its receipt (4) in compliance with common decency (Australian Financial Services)(1) CHANGE THEIR POSITION/SUFFER DETRIMENT * The respondent should initially have the option to demonstrate an adjustment in the relat ive net resources of the litigant which shows that the respondent has acted to his burden on the confidence of the installments got from the offended party. As it were, the change must include a net loss.FACTUAL GAIN BUT NET LOSS * Even where a lady who had bought new furnishings and had disposed of her old furniture on dependence on her receipt, where the court acknowledged that she was authentically enhanced by her receipt since her net resources were worth more than what she had previously, the difference in position resistance would by the by apply since in the event that she was required to make compensation, she would be left with a total deficit. * The simple certainty that she keeps on profiting by the cash doesn't overcome the protection of progress of conditions. The furniture acquisitions speak to substitution of things the offended party previously possessed when she would not have swapped the things aside from the mistake. The uses were not to meet standard costs or pay existing debts.(RBC Dominion Securities v Hills Industries)IS SPENDING ON ORDINARY LIVING EXPENSES CHANGING YOUR POSITION? When all is said in done, use on customary everyday costs won't be viewed as a hindrance or that the respondent changed his position in light of the fact that the litigant needs to demonstrate that he acted uniquely in contrast to how he would have customarily followed up on the confidence of the conviction that the advantage presented by the offended party was the defendant’s to spend (Australian Financial Services & Leasing v Hills Industries) * However, a respondent isn't blocked from depending on the safeguard of progress of position just on the grounds that she has spent the cash on common everyday costs, gave the use is a considerable weakness coming from her dependence on receipt of the installment. The barrier can apply where the litigant doesn't just spend the cash on such costs yet applies for and is denied advantages to which she is en titled because of her receipt (TRA Global Pty Ltd v Kebakoska) all things considered, the respondent had been made excess by her manager who disclosed to her she was qualified for a repetition installment identical to 12 weeks pay on severance and in like manner paid her the aggregate. She in certainty had no such legitimate entitlement.She in this way applied for joblessness profits by Centrelink yet was denied them since she had proclaimed receipt of the excess cash. She had to utilized the majority of the repetition cash to pay everyday costs until she looked for some kind of employment eight months after the fact. At the point when the litigant boss looked for compensation of the installment on grounds of error, the court held that the offended party had a guard of progress of position regardless of having spent the cash on normal everyday costs since the consumption is a generous burden coming from her dependence on receipt of the installment and was denied advantages to which she was entitled because of her receipt.DISCHARGING AN EXISTING DEBT * It isn't a drawback to take care of an obligation which should be paid of at some point or another (RBC Dominion Securities v Dawson) all things considered Mr Dawson had a Visa obligation which he exchanged in a way he would not have in any case done had it not been for the mix-up with respect to the appealing party to overpay him. Be that as it may, since the Visa obligation and those to relatives was caused preceding the slip-up, it would have been paid regardless and can't be supposed to be to Mr Dawson’s disadvantage in light of the fact that the installment would be an installment of an obligation previously owed. (2) IRREVERSIBLY * The subsequent component is that real, non-theoretical and irreversible disservice (Australian Financial Services & Leasing v Hills Industries) The nature of the change must be with the end goal that it can't presently be fixed, for example, cash got which has been hopelessly paid away or bringing about genuine authoritative commitment because of receipt. In Australian Financial Services, the offended party fund organization was hoodwinked by a fraudster and two of his organizations into propelling cash to a few genuine organizations including that of the second litigant to whom the fraudster and his organizations owed cash in order to release their obligations. The offended party was persuaded that the reason for the cash being progressed to the respondents was to fund the acquisition of gear they were providing to the primary organization when the hardware never existed. Every one of the litigants was acclimated with getting installments for their hardware from account organizations so they were not promptly dubious of accepting cash from the plaintiff.The offended party at that point asserting crooked improvement against the respondents on the ground that it had made installments under the mixed up conviction that the solicitations made by the fraudster to the offended party, indicating to be from every one of the respondents, were certifiable and that it would get title to the gear named in the solicitations. * For this situation, the court held for the guard of progress of position to succeed that there must be proof of an irreversible disadvantage. The subsequent litigant having inevitable default decisions previously got against one of the fraudster’s organizations was in dependence on receipt of the cash from the offended party was such proof. * In TRA Global Pty Ltd v Kebakoska, the disadvantage to the offended party with the end goal that she was denied advantages to which she was qualified for originating from her dependence on receipt of the installment was irreversible. In RBC v Dawson, the way that the bought new furnishings and had disposed of her old furniture on dependence on her receipt would have caused her in the conditions a misfortune that is low for her to tolerate and which isn't effective ly reversible. * Thus it appears that the litigant must show at any rate, huge obstacles to recovering the cash. (3) In dependence on the receipt/on the confidence of receipt * This third component shows that there must be a causal relationship between's the weakness endured and the receipt of the installment. A BUT-FOR TEST IN UK * The minor truth that the beneficiary may have endured some adversity is certifiably not a resistance except if the setback is connected at any rate on a however for test with the mixed up receipt (Scottish evenhanded) There an assortment of cognizant choices which might be made by the beneficiary in dependence on the overpayment.A CAUSAL CONNECTION IS SUFFICIENT IN AUSTRALIA †ONE CAUSE * In Co-Buchong v Citigroup Pty Ltd, it was held that for the reasons for a difference in position safeguard, an installment is made ‘on the confidence of the receipt’ in the event that it is causally connected to the receipt. This necessitates the instal lment would not have been made except if the receipt has been perceived as substantial. There is no further prerequisite that the data whereupon the payer was acting be to such an extent that, in the event that it were valid, the payer would have been qualified for pay the cash away in the manner that id did. * For this situation, Citibank had gotten directions implying to be from the offended party to move 500,000 from his record to a second record in his name at the NAB.Citibank inspected the guidance and established that it was certified and paid. Grab at that point got comparative directions to pay the cash away to different abroad ledgers. Here the guidelines were all phonies executed by an obscure outsider. Citibank guaranteed compensation of its installment to NAB on grounds of misstep. The issue was whether NAB was qualified for a protection of progress of position and whether those installments needed to different abroad financial balances had been made ‘on the confid ence of its receipt’ of the cash from Citibank. It was held that NAB made those installments on the confidence of its receipt and every one of that was required was a causal connection between the installment and the receipt. The way that an outsider fraudster had trained the bank to make out the installments ought not really refute the causal association between the receipt and its installment to vanquish the resistance (dismissing State Bank v Swiss Bank Corporation) * In such a case, the bank’s great confidence receipt may in any case be a reason for a difference in position regardless of whether it was by all account not the only motivation and this ought to be sufficient. * This follows the thinking in the NSWCA instance of Perpetual Trustees Australia Ltd v Heperu. Interminable had paid away aggregates to Mrs Cincotta reserves spoke to by the units credited on the confidence of the receipt of installments by the respondent who had been initiated by extortion to d o so.The respondents presented that Perpetual had not demonstrated that the installments of assets out of the record were made on the confidence of the receipt since it paid out the assets spoke to by the record on the confidence of what it was advised to do by Mr Cincotta in the first phony of Mrs Cincotta’s signature at the opening of record and in phone reclamations. * This was translated to be dreadfully tight an examination of what is implied by â€Å"on the confidence of the receipt†. Installments on the confidence of the receipt implied that they would not have been made except if the receipts had been perceived as legitimate. Because there was the component of deceptive nature of Mr Cincotta which likewise was the event for the withdrawal of assets, this didn't discredit the causal association between the receipt and the installments.

Position on the conroversial subject of poverty Essay

Position on the conroversial subject of destitution - Essay Example At the point when an individual lives in destitution he frequently needs more cash to furnish himself and his family with the fundamental human needs which incorporate nourishment, asylum, and medication. The greatest survivors of the destitution difficulty are youngsters. Youngsters are blameless by measures that are languishing. In a great deal of nations over the world grown-ups are abusing kids by compelling them to work. There are about 250 million kids who are kid workers. The United States isn't excluded from the war against neediness. There are about 44 million kids on nourishment stamps in the United States which represents 21% of the youngsters populace of the country (Snyder, 2011). The significant expense of living in the United States is one reason a ton youngsters and grown-ups are living in destitution. The mainlands that are experiencing the most destitution are Africa and Asia. The overpopulation in Asia is one the reasons that this ethnic gathering is experiencing s o much neediness. The foundation of the neediness issue is salary inconsistency. The least fortunate 40 percent of the world’s populace represents 5 percent of worldwide salary, while the most extravagant 20 percent represents 75% of world pay (Globalissues, 2013). Something must be done so as to make a superior parity of the worldwide riches. Another significant issue related with destitution is that the administrations over the world don't have adequate assets to support their residents. Most of the worldwide riches is in the hands of organizations. Roughly 40% of the worldwide riches is possessed by a closely knit group of 147 substances (Doctorow, 2011). These organizations alongside different a large number of organizations over the world need to turn out to be progressively proactive in the battle against destitution. The United Nations needs to step in and force arrangements that will adequately change the course of history so as to destroy neediness for eternity. A po tential arrangement that the U.N. can execute is to make a unique assessment to utilize that cash exclusively to give monetary guide to destitute individuals out of luck. The expense would be forced on organizations whose yearly total compensation outperforms $1 million every year. Partnerships that move a large number of dollars can bear to pay that uncommon expense without harming the money related execution of the firm or antagonistically influencing its investors. The extraordinary expense to be forced by the U.N ought to be 2.5% of net gain. There must be a superior composed exertion so as to battle destitution around the world. A ton of not-for-profit associations, for example, Feed the Children are making a magnificent showing of battling appetite and destitution around the world. A gathering of consortiums must be build up in which the pioneers of non-benefit associations in various nations meet in any event once every month so as to examine the endeavors of every substance with the goal that better coordination can be set up by these elements. Each resident on the planet must turn out to be all the more effectively engaged with this intense fight. Giving $10 per month by individuals that are a piece of the working class would have a gigantic effect in the lives of needy individuals. The battle against neediness is an issue that influences everybody. Any individual that is working can run into some bad luck on the off chance that they lose their employment and destitution can turn into a reality for them. Business people must maintain applying development in control to make new openings that will assist poor with peopling escape destitution. The proposed uncommon 2.5% by the U.N. is a significant strategy that would have an enormous effect in killing

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe - 550 Words

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe (Research Proposal Sample) Content: RESEARCH PROPOSALDEBT CRISIS AND ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: INFANT INDUSTRY PROMOTION AS A PANACEA IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY (GNU).PRINCE .T. KURUPATIA PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLICMANAGEMENTFACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESMIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY30 SEPTEMBER 2014INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAt independence in 1980 Zimbabwe inherited us$700 million debt from the Rhodesian government: a problem brought about by constant borrowing by the smith regime after the United Nations (UN) sanctions. This inherited debt was as a result of a short term loan with a high interest rate thus after the attainment of independence in 1980, the new government was faced with a large repayment burden. This repayment burden was further compounded by the fact that in the early 1980s especially 1982, the country was hit by a severe drought which forced the government to seek financial aid in the form of grants and loans to al leviate the local food shortages with imports. During these early years, the countrys large debt was created. By the end of the decade, debt repayments equaled 25 percent of Zimbabwes exports and 25 percent of government revenue.In the early 1990s, Zimbabwe adopted the IMF and World Bank structural adjustment program which came in hand with financial loans which were directly linked to conditionalitys like cuts in government spending , trade liberalization, deregulation of prices, devaluation f the exchange rate and removal of labor laws. In 1992, Zimbabwe was hit by another major drought. Poverty, inequality and debt all rapidly increased. The structural adjustment program was a dismal failure and economic growth fell from averaging 4.5% in the 1980s to 2.9% between 1991 and 1997 and further downwards between 1998 and 2008. A report by the, World Bank (2004) found that in the 1990s, efforts to accelerate growth through better fiscal management and market liberalization largely fail ed. Social progress flawed, per capita incomes declined and poverty increased. Estimates suggest that us$750 million of Zimbabwes debt comes directly from loans by the Breton woods institutions namely the World Bank and the IMF.By 1997, widespread protests emerged all over major towns and cities at the worsening economic situation. At this time the ZANU (PF) government sought to maintain itself in power through unbudgeted spending. For instance, it paid war veterans gratuities and joined in a costly war in the democratic republic of Congo. In November 1997 there was a huge devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar. The unbudgeted spending and devaluation led to a cycle of rapid rise of inflation and massive economic deterioration. In 2000, the rapidly increasing size of Zimbabwes debt led the government to default. The hyperinflation caused by the continued unbudgeted spending and printing of money destabilized the economy. By July 2008, monthly inflation had reached 231 million %. Since 2009 and the complete replacement of Zimbabwes currency with the us dollar and the South African rand, the economy hasbeen recovering. The one remaining source of foreign loans is the Chinese government for example in 2011; Zimbabwe borrowed us$100 million for the construction of the defense college.From the above, one can note the severe debt and economic underdevelopment facing Zimbabwe and the research is going to look at infant industry promotion as an alternative domestic panacea to the eradication of the debt burden and as an economic growth accelerator of the Zimbabwean state in the post government of national unity (GNU) era.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMZimbabwe since independence has been suffering under the huge external debt burden resulting into a retrogressive economic growth and development, Bornstein (2005). The debt crisis which is the combination of accumulated debt and difficulty servicing has imposed several burdens on the Zimbabwean economy. This is reflected in the fall in real growth rates, investment rate and export earning since 1980. Even after the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA), Zimbabwe continued to experience deficit in its economic operations thereby creating a resultant effect of acute underdevelopment due to a series of resource mismanagement and high levels of corruption that characterize the whole spectrum of the Zimbabwean economy.However, the proposed strategies that the country had put in place both pre and during the government of national unity to try and reduce the debt burden and ensure economic boom in the form of adoption of external economic policies, foreign direct investment (FDI) and formation of public-private partnerships failed dismally and further exacerbated the already fragile environment. On the eve of the 2013 harmonized elections Spiegel (2009) concluded that the economic woes in the country were getting worse and worse by the day. This therefore has left a gap in which domestic remedies have to be empirically tested in order to see if they can solve the debt burden and the economic challenges that have been bedeviling Zimbabwe.Therefore, the main interest of this study is to examine infant industry promotion as a feasible strategy in tackling Zimbabwes debt crisis and pave way for the countrys economic development.RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe aims and objectives of the study are to: * Examine the surrounding issues of underdevelopment caused by the debt crisis in independent Zimbabwe. * Identify the causes and effects of the external debt burden on economic growth and development of Zimbabwe. * Examine the relative feasibility of infant industry promotion as a way of easing the countrys debt crisis and economic underdevelopment.WORKING ASSUMPTIONS1. The debt crisis contributed immensely to the continued economic underdevelopment of Zimbabwe,even during the government of national unity period.2. External solutions and policies have immensely failed in addressing the countrys debt crisis andeconomic underdevelopment.3. Domestic economic strategies are the most effective in addressing local economic challenges.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis work will serve as a material to other researchers and in practical it will serve as a tool to the government, guiding them on implementation of policies, these policies shall serve as a guide to Zimbabwes development.This research, prescribes how Zimbabwe can move past its debt challenges and focus more on the development of the country and this will determine the relevance of the existing government policies.RESEARCH QUESTIONSFor the purpose of this study, the following questions were addressed:1. The extent and impact of the debt crisis and economic underdevelopment in Zimbabwe.2. The number of possible alternative strategies to solve the debt burden and economicunderdevelopment.3. Why infant industry promotion is the most feasible and effective strategy in tackling the debt crisisand economic underdevelopment in the aft ermath of the government of national unity era.As part of this study, investigation included one research hypothesis:1. Economies of developing states grow more rapidly if domestic strategies and policies are adopted andimplemented.METHODOLOGYRESEARCH DESIGNThe research design is largely qualitative rather than quantitative as it is mainly based on intensive analysis of secondary sources like books and journals with a few interviews from a randomly selected few interviewees. As the research is a case study, it is going to be a longitudinal study starting from the period just after the end of the government of national unity in August 2013 to the present day. The research is a quasi-experiment meant to draw up conclusions from small population which would equate to the reality on the ground in the whole country. Also, as a prospective research it is going to expose some of the benefits and challenges that the country may face in the wake of implementing the infant industries promotio n.This research design will serve the purpose of the research well because its a feasible that serves both later researchers and government officials of the policies to adopt and implement with their proven results.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this study, the Infant Industry Theory as espoused by Hamilton (1790) is going to be used.According to Hamilton (1790), Infant Industry Theory promotes an economic policy that protects young domestic industries in less developing economies until they become established, financially stronger and capable of withstanding competitive pressures. Infant Industry Theory recognizes that a level playing field (free trade) provides benefit to the stronger competitor and that may not always be beneficial to infant domestic industries. Using protective tariffs and taxes adds cost for the foreign competitor sales process and while it may give the infant industry a chance to get started, it also tends to disrupt the economics of production and pricing as the ind ustry grows. At the same time, if tariffs are left in place too long, similar protectionist trade policies may be instituted by foreign governments thereby limiting opportunities for growing firms to expand into those markets. As a result, as alluded to by Mill (1848),Infant Industry Theory recognizes that these protections must be scaled back so that these new industry adopts itself to produce, compete and survive on a level playing field in the international market.The Infant Industry Theory as a theoretical framework for this study is predicated on the notion that all economically developed states have adopted this theory first before moving on to other theories like trade liberalization to further their economic dominance ...

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe - 550 Words

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe (Research Proposal Sample) Content: RESEARCH PROPOSALDEBT CRISIS AND ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: INFANT INDUSTRY PROMOTION AS A PANACEA IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY (GNU).PRINCE .T. KURUPATIA PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLICMANAGEMENTFACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESMIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY30 SEPTEMBER 2014INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAt independence in 1980 Zimbabwe inherited us$700 million debt from the Rhodesian government: a problem brought about by constant borrowing by the smith regime after the United Nations (UN) sanctions. This inherited debt was as a result of a short term loan with a high interest rate thus after the attainment of independence in 1980, the new government was faced with a large repayment burden. This repayment burden was further compounded by the fact that in the early 1980s especially 1982, the country was hit by a severe drought which forced the government to seek financial aid in the form of grants and loans to al leviate the local food shortages with imports. During these early years, the countrys large debt was created. By the end of the decade, debt repayments equaled 25 percent of Zimbabwes exports and 25 percent of government revenue.In the early 1990s, Zimbabwe adopted the IMF and World Bank structural adjustment program which came in hand with financial loans which were directly linked to conditionalitys like cuts in government spending , trade liberalization, deregulation of prices, devaluation f the exchange rate and removal of labor laws. In 1992, Zimbabwe was hit by another major drought. Poverty, inequality and debt all rapidly increased. The structural adjustment program was a dismal failure and economic growth fell from averaging 4.5% in the 1980s to 2.9% between 1991 and 1997 and further downwards between 1998 and 2008. A report by the, World Bank (2004) found that in the 1990s, efforts to accelerate growth through better fiscal management and market liberalization largely fail ed. Social progress flawed, per capita incomes declined and poverty increased. Estimates suggest that us$750 million of Zimbabwes debt comes directly from loans by the Breton woods institutions namely the World Bank and the IMF.By 1997, widespread protests emerged all over major towns and cities at the worsening economic situation. At this time the ZANU (PF) government sought to maintain itself in power through unbudgeted spending. For instance, it paid war veterans gratuities and joined in a costly war in the democratic republic of Congo. In November 1997 there was a huge devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar. The unbudgeted spending and devaluation led to a cycle of rapid rise of inflation and massive economic deterioration. In 2000, the rapidly increasing size of Zimbabwes debt led the government to default. The hyperinflation caused by the continued unbudgeted spending and printing of money destabilized the economy. By July 2008, monthly inflation had reached 231 million %. Since 2009 and the complete replacement of Zimbabwes currency with the us dollar and the South African rand, the economy hasbeen recovering. The one remaining source of foreign loans is the Chinese government for example in 2011; Zimbabwe borrowed us$100 million for the construction of the defense college.From the above, one can note the severe debt and economic underdevelopment facing Zimbabwe and the research is going to look at infant industry promotion as an alternative domestic panacea to the eradication of the debt burden and as an economic growth accelerator of the Zimbabwean state in the post government of national unity (GNU) era.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMZimbabwe since independence has been suffering under the huge external debt burden resulting into a retrogressive economic growth and development, Bornstein (2005). The debt crisis which is the combination of accumulated debt and difficulty servicing has imposed several burdens on the Zimbabwean economy. This is reflected in the fall in real growth rates, investment rate and export earning since 1980. Even after the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA), Zimbabwe continued to experience deficit in its economic operations thereby creating a resultant effect of acute underdevelopment due to a series of resource mismanagement and high levels of corruption that characterize the whole spectrum of the Zimbabwean economy.However, the proposed strategies that the country had put in place both pre and during the government of national unity to try and reduce the debt burden and ensure economic boom in the form of adoption of external economic policies, foreign direct investment (FDI) and formation of public-private partnerships failed dismally and further exacerbated the already fragile environment. On the eve of the 2013 harmonized elections Spiegel (2009) concluded that the economic woes in the country were getting worse and worse by the day. This therefore has left a gap in which domestic remedies have to be empirically tested in order to see if they can solve the debt burden and the economic challenges that have been bedeviling Zimbabwe.Therefore, the main interest of this study is to examine infant industry promotion as a feasible strategy in tackling Zimbabwes debt crisis and pave way for the countrys economic development.RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe aims and objectives of the study are to: * Examine the surrounding issues of underdevelopment caused by the debt crisis in independent Zimbabwe. * Identify the causes and effects of the external debt burden on economic growth and development of Zimbabwe. * Examine the relative feasibility of infant industry promotion as a way of easing the countrys debt crisis and economic underdevelopment.WORKING ASSUMPTIONS1. The debt crisis contributed immensely to the continued economic underdevelopment of Zimbabwe,even during the government of national unity period.2. External solutions and policies have immensely failed in addressing the countrys debt crisis andeconomic underdevelopment.3. Domestic economic strategies are the most effective in addressing local economic challenges.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis work will serve as a material to other researchers and in practical it will serve as a tool to the government, guiding them on implementation of policies, these policies shall serve as a guide to Zimbabwes development.This research, prescribes how Zimbabwe can move past its debt challenges and focus more on the development of the country and this will determine the relevance of the existing government policies.RESEARCH QUESTIONSFor the purpose of this study, the following questions were addressed:1. The extent and impact of the debt crisis and economic underdevelopment in Zimbabwe.2. The number of possible alternative strategies to solve the debt burden and economicunderdevelopment.3. Why infant industry promotion is the most feasible and effective strategy in tackling the debt crisisand economic underdevelopment in the aft ermath of the government of national unity era.As part of this study, investigation included one research hypothesis:1. Economies of developing states grow more rapidly if domestic strategies and policies are adopted andimplemented.METHODOLOGYRESEARCH DESIGNThe research design is largely qualitative rather than quantitative as it is mainly based on intensive analysis of secondary sources like books and journals with a few interviews from a randomly selected few interviewees. As the research is a case study, it is going to be a longitudinal study starting from the period just after the end of the government of national unity in August 2013 to the present day. The research is a quasi-experiment meant to draw up conclusions from small population which would equate to the reality on the ground in the whole country. Also, as a prospective research it is going to expose some of the benefits and challenges that the country may face in the wake of implementing the infant industries promotio n.This research design will serve the purpose of the research well because its a feasible that serves both later researchers and government officials of the policies to adopt and implement with their proven results.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this study, the Infant Industry Theory as espoused by Hamilton (1790) is going to be used.According to Hamilton (1790), Infant Industry Theory promotes an economic policy that protects young domestic industries in less developing economies until they become established, financially stronger and capable of withstanding competitive pressures. Infant Industry Theory recognizes that a level playing field (free trade) provides benefit to the stronger competitor and that may not always be beneficial to infant domestic industries. Using protective tariffs and taxes adds cost for the foreign competitor sales process and while it may give the infant industry a chance to get started, it also tends to disrupt the economics of production and pricing as the ind ustry grows. At the same time, if tariffs are left in place too long, similar protectionist trade policies may be instituted by foreign governments thereby limiting opportunities for growing firms to expand into those markets. As a result, as alluded to by Mill (1848),Infant Industry Theory recognizes that these protections must be scaled back so that these new industry adopts itself to produce, compete and survive on a level playing field in the international market.The Infant Industry Theory as a theoretical framework for this study is predicated on the notion that all economically developed states have adopted this theory first before moving on to other theories like trade liberalization to further their economic dominance ...

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe - 550 Words

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe (Research Proposal Sample) Content: RESEARCH PROPOSALDEBT CRISIS AND ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: INFANT INDUSTRY PROMOTION AS A PANACEA IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY (GNU).PRINCE .T. KURUPATIA PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLICMANAGEMENTFACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESMIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY30 SEPTEMBER 2014INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAt independence in 1980 Zimbabwe inherited us$700 million debt from the Rhodesian government: a problem brought about by constant borrowing by the smith regime after the United Nations (UN) sanctions. This inherited debt was as a result of a short term loan with a high interest rate thus after the attainment of independence in 1980, the new government was faced with a large repayment burden. This repayment burden was further compounded by the fact that in the early 1980s especially 1982, the country was hit by a severe drought which forced the government to seek financial aid in the form of grants and loans to al leviate the local food shortages with imports. During these early years, the countrys large debt was created. By the end of the decade, debt repayments equaled 25 percent of Zimbabwes exports and 25 percent of government revenue.In the early 1990s, Zimbabwe adopted the IMF and World Bank structural adjustment program which came in hand with financial loans which were directly linked to conditionalitys like cuts in government spending , trade liberalization, deregulation of prices, devaluation f the exchange rate and removal of labor laws. In 1992, Zimbabwe was hit by another major drought. Poverty, inequality and debt all rapidly increased. The structural adjustment program was a dismal failure and economic growth fell from averaging 4.5% in the 1980s to 2.9% between 1991 and 1997 and further downwards between 1998 and 2008. A report by the, World Bank (2004) found that in the 1990s, efforts to accelerate growth through better fiscal management and market liberalization largely fail ed. Social progress flawed, per capita incomes declined and poverty increased. Estimates suggest that us$750 million of Zimbabwes debt comes directly from loans by the Breton woods institutions namely the World Bank and the IMF.By 1997, widespread protests emerged all over major towns and cities at the worsening economic situation. At this time the ZANU (PF) government sought to maintain itself in power through unbudgeted spending. For instance, it paid war veterans gratuities and joined in a costly war in the democratic republic of Congo. In November 1997 there was a huge devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar. The unbudgeted spending and devaluation led to a cycle of rapid rise of inflation and massive economic deterioration. In 2000, the rapidly increasing size of Zimbabwes debt led the government to default. The hyperinflation caused by the continued unbudgeted spending and printing of money destabilized the economy. By July 2008, monthly inflation had reached 231 million %. Since 2009 and the complete replacement of Zimbabwes currency with the us dollar and the South African rand, the economy hasbeen recovering. The one remaining source of foreign loans is the Chinese government for example in 2011; Zimbabwe borrowed us$100 million for the construction of the defense college.From the above, one can note the severe debt and economic underdevelopment facing Zimbabwe and the research is going to look at infant industry promotion as an alternative domestic panacea to the eradication of the debt burden and as an economic growth accelerator of the Zimbabwean state in the post government of national unity (GNU) era.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMZimbabwe since independence has been suffering under the huge external debt burden resulting into a retrogressive economic growth and development, Bornstein (2005). The debt crisis which is the combination of accumulated debt and difficulty servicing has imposed several burdens on the Zimbabwean economy. This is reflected in the fall in real growth rates, investment rate and export earning since 1980. Even after the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA), Zimbabwe continued to experience deficit in its economic operations thereby creating a resultant effect of acute underdevelopment due to a series of resource mismanagement and high levels of corruption that characterize the whole spectrum of the Zimbabwean economy.However, the proposed strategies that the country had put in place both pre and during the government of national unity to try and reduce the debt burden and ensure economic boom in the form of adoption of external economic policies, foreign direct investment (FDI) and formation of public-private partnerships failed dismally and further exacerbated the already fragile environment. On the eve of the 2013 harmonized elections Spiegel (2009) concluded that the economic woes in the country were getting worse and worse by the day. This therefore has left a gap in which domestic remedies have to be empirically tested in order to see if they can solve the debt burden and the economic challenges that have been bedeviling Zimbabwe.Therefore, the main interest of this study is to examine infant industry promotion as a feasible strategy in tackling Zimbabwes debt crisis and pave way for the countrys economic development.RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe aims and objectives of the study are to: * Examine the surrounding issues of underdevelopment caused by the debt crisis in independent Zimbabwe. * Identify the causes and effects of the external debt burden on economic growth and development of Zimbabwe. * Examine the relative feasibility of infant industry promotion as a way of easing the countrys debt crisis and economic underdevelopment.WORKING ASSUMPTIONS1. The debt crisis contributed immensely to the continued economic underdevelopment of Zimbabwe,even during the government of national unity period.2. External solutions and policies have immensely failed in addressing the countrys debt crisis andeconomic underdevelopment.3. Domestic economic strategies are the most effective in addressing local economic challenges.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis work will serve as a material to other researchers and in practical it will serve as a tool to the government, guiding them on implementation of policies, these policies shall serve as a guide to Zimbabwes development.This research, prescribes how Zimbabwe can move past its debt challenges and focus more on the development of the country and this will determine the relevance of the existing government policies.RESEARCH QUESTIONSFor the purpose of this study, the following questions were addressed:1. The extent and impact of the debt crisis and economic underdevelopment in Zimbabwe.2. The number of possible alternative strategies to solve the debt burden and economicunderdevelopment.3. Why infant industry promotion is the most feasible and effective strategy in tackling the debt crisisand economic underdevelopment in the aft ermath of the government of national unity era.As part of this study, investigation included one research hypothesis:1. Economies of developing states grow more rapidly if domestic strategies and policies are adopted andimplemented.METHODOLOGYRESEARCH DESIGNThe research design is largely qualitative rather than quantitative as it is mainly based on intensive analysis of secondary sources like books and journals with a few interviews from a randomly selected few interviewees. As the research is a case study, it is going to be a longitudinal study starting from the period just after the end of the government of national unity in August 2013 to the present day. The research is a quasi-experiment meant to draw up conclusions from small population which would equate to the reality on the ground in the whole country. Also, as a prospective research it is going to expose some of the benefits and challenges that the country may face in the wake of implementing the infant industries promotio n.This research design will serve the purpose of the research well because its a feasible that serves both later researchers and government officials of the policies to adopt and implement with their proven results.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this study, the Infant Industry Theory as espoused by Hamilton (1790) is going to be used.According to Hamilton (1790), Infant Industry Theory promotes an economic policy that protects young domestic industries in less developing economies until they become established, financially stronger and capable of withstanding competitive pressures. Infant Industry Theory recognizes that a level playing field (free trade) provides benefit to the stronger competitor and that may not always be beneficial to infant domestic industries. Using protective tariffs and taxes adds cost for the foreign competitor sales process and while it may give the infant industry a chance to get started, it also tends to disrupt the economics of production and pricing as the ind ustry grows. At the same time, if tariffs are left in place too long, similar protectionist trade policies may be instituted by foreign governments thereby limiting opportunities for growing firms to expand into those markets. As a result, as alluded to by Mill (1848),Infant Industry Theory recognizes that these protections must be scaled back so that these new industry adopts itself to produce, compete and survive on a level playing field in the international market.The Infant Industry Theory as a theoretical framework for this study is predicated on the notion that all economically developed states have adopted this theory first before moving on to other theories like trade liberalization to further their economic dominance ...

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe - 550 Words

Debt Crisis And Economic Underdevelopment In Zimbabwe (Research Proposal Sample) Content: RESEARCH PROPOSALDEBT CRISIS AND ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: INFANT INDUSTRY PROMOTION AS A PANACEA IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY (GNU).PRINCE .T. KURUPATIA PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLICMANAGEMENTFACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESMIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY30 SEPTEMBER 2014INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAt independence in 1980 Zimbabwe inherited us$700 million debt from the Rhodesian government: a problem brought about by constant borrowing by the smith regime after the United Nations (UN) sanctions. This inherited debt was as a result of a short term loan with a high interest rate thus after the attainment of independence in 1980, the new government was faced with a large repayment burden. This repayment burden was further compounded by the fact that in the early 1980s especially 1982, the country was hit by a severe drought which forced the government to seek financial aid in the form of grants and loans to al leviate the local food shortages with imports. During these early years, the countrys large debt was created. By the end of the decade, debt repayments equaled 25 percent of Zimbabwes exports and 25 percent of government revenue.In the early 1990s, Zimbabwe adopted the IMF and World Bank structural adjustment program which came in hand with financial loans which were directly linked to conditionalitys like cuts in government spending , trade liberalization, deregulation of prices, devaluation f the exchange rate and removal of labor laws. In 1992, Zimbabwe was hit by another major drought. Poverty, inequality and debt all rapidly increased. The structural adjustment program was a dismal failure and economic growth fell from averaging 4.5% in the 1980s to 2.9% between 1991 and 1997 and further downwards between 1998 and 2008. A report by the, World Bank (2004) found that in the 1990s, efforts to accelerate growth through better fiscal management and market liberalization largely fail ed. Social progress flawed, per capita incomes declined and poverty increased. Estimates suggest that us$750 million of Zimbabwes debt comes directly from loans by the Breton woods institutions namely the World Bank and the IMF.By 1997, widespread protests emerged all over major towns and cities at the worsening economic situation. At this time the ZANU (PF) government sought to maintain itself in power through unbudgeted spending. For instance, it paid war veterans gratuities and joined in a costly war in the democratic republic of Congo. In November 1997 there was a huge devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar. The unbudgeted spending and devaluation led to a cycle of rapid rise of inflation and massive economic deterioration. In 2000, the rapidly increasing size of Zimbabwes debt led the government to default. The hyperinflation caused by the continued unbudgeted spending and printing of money destabilized the economy. By July 2008, monthly inflation had reached 231 million %. Since 2009 and the complete replacement of Zimbabwes currency with the us dollar and the South African rand, the economy hasbeen recovering. The one remaining source of foreign loans is the Chinese government for example in 2011; Zimbabwe borrowed us$100 million for the construction of the defense college.From the above, one can note the severe debt and economic underdevelopment facing Zimbabwe and the research is going to look at infant industry promotion as an alternative domestic panacea to the eradication of the debt burden and as an economic growth accelerator of the Zimbabwean state in the post government of national unity (GNU) era.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMZimbabwe since independence has been suffering under the huge external debt burden resulting into a retrogressive economic growth and development, Bornstein (2005). The debt crisis which is the combination of accumulated debt and difficulty servicing has imposed several burdens on the Zimbabwean economy. This is reflected in the fall in real growth rates, investment rate and export earning since 1980. Even after the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA), Zimbabwe continued to experience deficit in its economic operations thereby creating a resultant effect of acute underdevelopment due to a series of resource mismanagement and high levels of corruption that characterize the whole spectrum of the Zimbabwean economy.However, the proposed strategies that the country had put in place both pre and during the government of national unity to try and reduce the debt burden and ensure economic boom in the form of adoption of external economic policies, foreign direct investment (FDI) and formation of public-private partnerships failed dismally and further exacerbated the already fragile environment. On the eve of the 2013 harmonized elections Spiegel (2009) concluded that the economic woes in the country were getting worse and worse by the day. This therefore has left a gap in which domestic remedies have to be empirically tested in order to see if they can solve the debt burden and the economic challenges that have been bedeviling Zimbabwe.Therefore, the main interest of this study is to examine infant industry promotion as a feasible strategy in tackling Zimbabwes debt crisis and pave way for the countrys economic development.RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe aims and objectives of the study are to: * Examine the surrounding issues of underdevelopment caused by the debt crisis in independent Zimbabwe. * Identify the causes and effects of the external debt burden on economic growth and development of Zimbabwe. * Examine the relative feasibility of infant industry promotion as a way of easing the countrys debt crisis and economic underdevelopment.WORKING ASSUMPTIONS1. The debt crisis contributed immensely to the continued economic underdevelopment of Zimbabwe,even during the government of national unity period.2. External solutions and policies have immensely failed in addressing the countrys debt crisis andeconomic underdevelopment.3. Domestic economic strategies are the most effective in addressing local economic challenges.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis work will serve as a material to other researchers and in practical it will serve as a tool to the government, guiding them on implementation of policies, these policies shall serve as a guide to Zimbabwes development.This research, prescribes how Zimbabwe can move past its debt challenges and focus more on the development of the country and this will determine the relevance of the existing government policies.RESEARCH QUESTIONSFor the purpose of this study, the following questions were addressed:1. The extent and impact of the debt crisis and economic underdevelopment in Zimbabwe.2. The number of possible alternative strategies to solve the debt burden and economicunderdevelopment.3. Why infant industry promotion is the most feasible and effective strategy in tackling the debt crisisand economic underdevelopment in the aft ermath of the government of national unity era.As part of this study, investigation included one research hypothesis:1. Economies of developing states grow more rapidly if domestic strategies and policies are adopted andimplemented.METHODOLOGYRESEARCH DESIGNThe research design is largely qualitative rather than quantitative as it is mainly based on intensive analysis of secondary sources like books and journals with a few interviews from a randomly selected few interviewees. As the research is a case study, it is going to be a longitudinal study starting from the period just after the end of the government of national unity in August 2013 to the present day. The research is a quasi-experiment meant to draw up conclusions from small population which would equate to the reality on the ground in the whole country. Also, as a prospective research it is going to expose some of the benefits and challenges that the country may face in the wake of implementing the infant industries promotio n.This research design will serve the purpose of the research well because its a feasible that serves both later researchers and government officials of the policies to adopt and implement with their proven results.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this study, the Infant Industry Theory as espoused by Hamilton (1790) is going to be used.According to Hamilton (1790), Infant Industry Theory promotes an economic policy that protects young domestic industries in less developing economies until they become established, financially stronger and capable of withstanding competitive pressures. Infant Industry Theory recognizes that a level playing field (free trade) provides benefit to the stronger competitor and that may not always be beneficial to infant domestic industries. Using protective tariffs and taxes adds cost for the foreign competitor sales process and while it may give the infant industry a chance to get started, it also tends to disrupt the economics of production and pricing as the ind ustry grows. At the same time, if tariffs are left in place too long, similar protectionist trade policies may be instituted by foreign governments thereby limiting opportunities for growing firms to expand into those markets. As a result, as alluded to by Mill (1848),Infant Industry Theory recognizes that these protections must be scaled back so that these new industry adopts itself to produce, compete and survive on a level playing field in the international market.The Infant Industry Theory as a theoretical framework for this study is predicated on the notion that all economically developed states have adopted this theory first before moving on to other theories like trade liberalization to further their economic dominance ...